A comprehensive study on the arterial vasculature of the brain in water buffalo (Bubalus bubalis): Clinical correlates.

The present study was designed to provide a comprehensive analysis of the anatomical aspects of arterial blood vasculature in the water buffalo brains. Fifty cranial cavities of adult water buffaloes were opened via both the dorsal and ventral approaches and the arteries were exposed and photographed. The buffalo rostral epidural rete mirabile generally resembled that of large ruminants. The oculomotor, abducent and trigeminal nerves were intimately associated with the rostral rete. Similar to the majority of ruminants, the arterial circle of the brain was heart-shaped in buffalos and presented all collateral blood vessels as mentioned in the previous literature. The study further revealed that the cranial nerve roots were closely related to the arterial circle of the brain and could be used as indicators for differentiating various branches of the arterial circle of the brain. In addition to the usual variations of the arterial circle of the brain, a bihemispheric rostral cerebral artery along with an aplastic rostral cerebral artery were reported for the first time. The deviant behaviour of the rostral cerebral artery forms a baseline to study various clinical conditions of the blood vasculature in the buffalo brain. The rostral choroidal, middle cerebral and the caudal cerebral arteries constantly were emerged as single vessels without any variations. In conclusion, the anatomy of the arterial vasculature of the buffalo brain observed in the present study provided evidence of its morphological resemblance to other species of the Bovini tribe.

Expression of Certain Pulmonary Proteins in the Tracheal Mucosa and Lungs of Pashmina, Bakerwali and Non-Descript Goats of U.T.s of Ladakh and Jammu & Kashmir

Abstract The aim of this present study was to localize alveolar macrophages, Proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA), Smooth muscle actin (SMA), Vimentin and Vasculo-endothelial growth factor (VEGF) in the tracheal epithelium and lung alveoli in three important breeds of goats namely, Pashmina, Bakerwali and non-descript goats by standard immunohistochemical methods. Large pulmonary macrophages were observed in the lung sections of all the three breeds of goat. Macrophages were observed in the alveolar septa and airway epithelium. The mean macrophage count for Pashmina, Bakerwali and non-descript goat were recorded as 23.4±1.47, 27.8±0.68 and 21.4±0.70, respectively. The PCNA activity was intense in the alveolar epithelial cells of lungs in Pashmina and Bakerwali goats and very high in the lung tissue of non-descript goat. The PCNA activity was intense in the bronchial epithelial cells of lungs in Bakerwali goat. Strong reaction of SMA was observed in the submucosa of bronchioles of Pashmina and Bakerwali goats. The submucosa of the tracheal tissue showed a strong reaction of SMA in the non-descript goat and moderate in the submucosa of trachea in the Bakerwali goat. A number of vimentin-positive cells were found in the lung parenchyma in both Pashmina and Bakerwali goats. Also, there was a strong reaction of vimentin mainly in submucosal area in non-descript goat. The VEGF activity was found to be intense in the lung alveoli of Bakerwali goat and strong in Pashmina and non-descript goats. The tracheal epithelium was moderately reactive to VGEF in all the three goats.