[La rilevazione e il trattamento del dolore durante le procedure di emodinamica e elettrofisiologia: uno studio descrittivo multicentrico]. / Measurement and management of pain during coronary interventions and electrophysiology procedures: a multicentric descriptive study.

INTRODUCTION: Coronary interventions and electrophysiology procedures may be painful both during and shortly after the procedure. AIM: To assess the onset of pain and anxiety in patient undergoing coronary interventions and electrophysiology procedures; to describe the administration (frequency, timing, dosage and outcomes) of analgesics and anxiolytics before, during and after the procedure. METHODS: A descriptive multicenter study was carried out. Pain and anxiety were measured with a 10-point visual analogue scale (VAS) before, during, after the procedure and for the following 24 hours. Patient were asked to rate their satisfaction for the information received and pain control. RESULTS: Data on 230 patients were collected. The most performed procedure was the transradial coronary catheterization (68.7%). The pacemaker/defibrillator implantation resulted the most painful procedure (median 4, IQR 3-6) and also the most anxious (median 5, IQR 2-6). 13 Patients received an analgesic during the procedure for a low-to-severe pain; during the following 24 hours 34 patients (5 undergoing transradial coronary catheterization and 29 the implant of pacemaker/cardiac-defibrillator) suffered from severe pain and with the exception of 5, all requested pain relief. Satisfaction for pain control was inadequate for patients who underwent electrophysiology procedures and 55 patients would have needed more information on pain. CONCLUSION: Pain control and patient satisfaction may be improved, pre-procedural anxiety needs more attention and better information on the procedure should be provided.

[ANMCO Position paper: From acute to chronic disease: the needs of complex cardiac patients]. / Position paper ANMCO: Bisogni assistenziali del malato cardiopatico complesso: dalla fase acuta alla fase cronica.

Managing a patient suffering from a chronic disease requires a multidisciplinary team that can take care of them beyond the simple coordination of various specialties. In this context, a central role in the treatment of chronic heart disease is the continuity of care that should promote organic integration among different hospital departments, hospital and community. This position paper of the Italian Association of Hospital Cardiologists (ANMCO) aims at defining the general principles to inspire care for complex cardiac patients at different phases of the disease. A multidisciplinary integrated holistic approach uses analytical tools able to understand the elements that characterize complexity and therefore suggest appropriate management strategies: (i) care pathways aimed at optimizing treatments; (ii) care pathways in intensive care and ward in a multidisciplinary perspective; (iii) integration of social and health needs; (iv) nursing role in the context of continuity of outpatient, community and home care; (v) promotion of educational interventions.

[Comparison between telephone and outpatient nursing management in patients with chronic heart failure in a large territorial area in Piedmont, Italy]. / Confronto tra gestione infermieristica telefonica ed ambulatoriale integrata dei pazienti affetti da scompenso cardiaco cronico in un vasto territorio piemontese.

BACKGROUND: In the last years, the increasing incidence and prevalence, the deterioration of quality of life, the high mortality and the elevated costs related to chronic heart failure represent one of the most important problems of public health care. Multidisciplinary management systems based on specialized nurses teams improve the outcome and reduce the costs of care of these patients. The aim of this study was to analyze the use for 1 year, in an urban or suburban population, of two different nurse-based management systems in addition to usual care for outpatients with congestive heart failure. METHODS: We enrolled 102 patients: group A (n = 49) was followed up with a phone-nurse-based system and group B (n = 53) was followed up with a nurse ambulatory system. RESULTS: An improvement in NYHA class was observed in both groups (group A: NYHA class I-II 31 to 38 patients, NYHA class III-IV 18 to 7 patients, p = 0.03; group B: NYHA class I-II 37 to 43 patients, NYHA class III-IV 16 to 6 patients, p = 0.03). An improvement was also observed in the Minnesota Living with Heart Failure Questionnaire (group A: 25 +/- 10 to 15 +/- 9; p <0.01; group B: 29 +/- 13 to 20 +/- 10; p <0.01), and in ejection fraction (group A: from 31 +/- 9 to 37 +/- 12%; p <0.01; group B: from 30 +/- 9 to 35 +/- 13%; p = 0.02). No significant differences were found between the two groups in mortality, hospital readmission, emergency room and day-hospital admissions. CONCLUSIONS: Our results confirm the effectiveness of a monitoring management and educational system for heart failure patients. A phone-nurse-based system requires minor staff and has a better flexibility than a nurse ambulatory system; the latter, however, leads to a professional and human complete interaction as well as enables rapid intervention of the cardiologist in case of instability.

[Outpatient medical and nurse management program in patients with chronic heart failure in a large territorial area in Piedmont. Four years of follow-up]. / Scompenso cardiaco: gestione medico- infermieristica in un'area piemontese caratterizzata da estrema dispersione territoriale. Risultati a quattro anni.

BACKGROUND: Chronic heart failure is the leading cause of hospitalization and readmissions. In the last years many strategies based on the interaction of multi-competence programs have been evaluated to improve its management. METHODS: We evaluated the feasibility of an outpatient management program for patients with chronic hearth failure jointly treated by hospital, territorial cardiologists, nurses and primary physicians in a large area of Piedmont. Between January 2001 and January 2005, 122 consecutive patients (26.2% female, mean age 66 +/- 11 years) with chronic heart failure were enrolled in the study. Etiology was: coronary heart disease 40.2%, dilated cardiomyopathy 18%, hypertension 18%, unknown 14%, valvular heart disease 4.9%, other 4.9%. Cardiologists were expected to assess etiology, to perform instrumental examinations and titration of beta-blockers; nurses to reinforce patient education to monitor adherence to pharmacological and dietary therapy. Patients were subsequently followed by primary physicians. The endpoints were to compare: 1) hospitalization and emergency department admissions in the 12 months before the first evaluation and every year after referral; 2) Minnesota questionnaire, NYHA functional class, pharmacological therapies at the referral time and at the end of follow-up. RESULTS: One hundred and fifteen patients were followed for 47 +/- 1.5 months (5.6% drop out). Thirty-four patients died (29.5%), 11 non-cardiac causes, 14 congestive heart failure, 6 sudden cardiac death, 3 cardiac transplantation. Ejection fraction improved from 31 +/- 10 to 36 +/- 12%. Emergency department admissions and hospitalizations decreased from 54 and 56 respectively in the year before the first evaluation to 14 and 21 per year (p < 0.001). NYHA classes I-II improved from 65.5 to 87.7% and NYHA classes III-IV were reduced from 34.5 to 12.3%. The Minnesota score decreased from 25 to 21.9. Patients treated with ACE-inhibitors + angiotensin II receptor blocker therapy increased from 91 to 96%, beta-blockers from 35.2 to 69%, potassium sparing drugs increased from 54 to 64%. CONCLUSIONS: Our study showed that a medical and nurse outpatient management program for patients with chronic heart failure, also in a large urban and country area, decrease number of hospitalizations and improve functional class and adherence to medical therapy. These results kept constant over time in the subsequent 4 years.