Sarcopenia in open heart surgery patients: A cohort study.

BACKGROUND: Sarcopenia is a condition characterized by loss of muscle mass, muscle strength, or physical performance. It has been reported that cardiac surgery causes systemic inflammatory response, which leads to sarcopenia. In addition, open-heart surgery (OHS) has been associated with length of hospital stay, prolonged mechanical ventilation, and postoperative pulmonary complications. However, very few studies have explored the association of sarcopenia with OHS. Thus, this study explores the prevalence of sarcopenia in OHS patients as well as their relationship. METHODS: This cohort study included 160 patients; it was designed to assess sarcopenia during preoperative OHS and before patient discharge from the hospital. Sarcopenia was defined according to Asian Working Group for Sarcopenia (AWGS) criteria as low muscle mass plus low muscle strength and/or slow gait speed. Participants were requested to perform exercises to test their handgrip strength, gait speed, and bioelectrical impedance. In addition, their medical history (e.g., duration of hospitalization and mechanical ventilation) was recorded. RESULTS: The prevalence of sarcopenia during preoperative OHS was 26.9%, with affected men comprising 11.9% and affected women comprising 15% of the total sample. Participants with sarcopenia had a significantly lower body mass index (BMI) than those without. Further, patients who had longer stays in the hospital and prolonged mechanical ventilation time showed significantly higher rates of developing sarcopenia. During postoperative OHS, the incidence of sarcopenia rose by 20.92%, increasing the total prevalence of sarcopenia to 46.41%. Moreover, advanced age emerged as one of the most significant risk factors of sarcopenia. Participants in the age group >55 years had an increased risk of sarcopenia (odds ratio [OR]: 3.90). It was also found that patients with a low BMI (<23 kg∗m-2) and a history of diabetes mellitus (DM) had an increased risk of sarcopenia (ORs: 2.11 and 1.47, respectively). Moreover, longer hospital stays and mechanical ventilation times were important risk factors (ORs: 1.58 and 2.07, respectively). CONCLUSION: The prevalence of sarcopenia was observed to be high during postoperative OHS. Participants with sarcopenia who underwent OHS had a history of DM, longer length of hospital stays, and prolonged mechanical ventilation times, compared with patients without sarcopenia. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER: TCTR20190509003.

Anxiety and Depression Symptomatology Related to Inspiratory Muscle Strength and Functional Capacity in Preoperative Cardiac Surgery Patients: A Preliminary Cross-sectional Study.

BACKGROUND: Poor psychological health and cardiorespiratory fitness prior to open heart surgery (OHS) might be predictors of postoperative pulmonary complications that lead to morbidity and mortality. Assessment of physical and psychological conditions should be considered for patients receiving OHS, to possibly prevent these complications. This study investigates how inspiratory muscle strength (IMS) and functional capacity (FC) relate to the psychological health of preoperative cardiac surgery patients. METHOD: A cross-sectional study was designed before OHS; the 6-minute walk test and IMS were performed on patients who were admitted for OHS. All participants were requested to complete Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale. Pearson correlation and hierarchal regression analysis were performed to determine the relationships between IMS and FC and psychological conditions (anxiety and depression). RESULTS: Overall, 36 males and 28 females aged 56.89±10.23 years were recruited. Significant relationships were observed between IMS and anxiety and depression symptoms (r = -0.33 and r = -0.27, respectively). Anxiety was negatively related to FC (r = -0.25). These relationships remained significant after adjustment for age, sex, and body mass index (BMI) (∆R 2 = 0.11 and ∆R 2 = 0.09). In addition, anxiety was also related to FC after controlling for age, sex, and BMI (∆R 2 = 0.09). CONCLUSION: Among patients undergoing OHS, those with a higher level of depression or anxiety had a lower cardiorespiratory fitness than those with a low level of depression or anxiety.

Multifocal osteolysis with chylous polyserositis and intrathoracic vein thrombosis: a diagnostic challenge for rheumatologists.

Vanishing bone disease with multisystemic involvement may mimic systemic autoimmune or autoinflammatory diseases. We present a 19-year-old man who was hospitalized due to chest pain following a progressive osteolysis of the bony thorax. The disease later expanded into the pleura, peritoneum and pericardium in a form of massive chylous polyserositis. The patient also developed thrombosis of multiple central veins, which in turn worsened the chylothorax by increasing the pressure in the thoracic duct. This is the first case of vanishing bone disease complicated by triple chylous effusions and central vein thrombosis.

A randomized comparison of flow characteristics of semiskeletonized and pedicled internal thoracic artery preparations in coronary artery bypass.

BACKGROUND: Harvesting the internal thoracic artery (ITA) with semiskeletonization is an alternative technique between conventional wide pedicle and skeletonization. It is almost as simple as pedicle harvesting; however, it is supposed to provide the advantage of graft flow and length. Since the heart is unique being the only organ which is perfused during diastole, for comparing the intraoperative graft flow characteristics of semiskeletonization and pedicle technique, we used diastolic filling (DF) using transit-time flow measurement as a primary result. The objective of this study is to compare if semiskeletonized ITA has a greater effect on the intraoperative DF of graft flow versus conventional pedicled ITA in coronary artery bypass. METHODS: Between July 2015 and May 2016, a prospective evaluation of 60 consecutive patients undergoing coronary artery bypass grafting for left anterior descending artery revascularization were randomized to having semiskeletonized (n = 30) or conventional pedicled (n = 30) ITA graft harvested by the same surgeon. Intraoperative transit-time flows were obtained. The DF of the ITA graft at the end of operation was evaluated in two groups. RESULTS: The intraoperative DF was significantly greater in the semiskeletonized grafts than in the pedicled grafts (70.50 ± 14.15 versus 57.6 ± 19.39%; p = 0.005). No statistical difference was observed comparing quantitative pulsatile flow and pulsatile index at the end of the operation in the two groups. However, the free flow of the conduit during the cardiopulmonary bypass before the anastomosis performed was greater in semiskeletonized group than in pedicled group (94 ± 48.37 versus 56.35 ± 34.90 ml/min; p = 0.003). The total operative time was comparable between two groups (p = 0.092). CONCLUSIONS: Semiskeletonized ITA resulted in superior DF of left anterior descending bypass graft flow as compared with pedicled ITA. It is also provide a greater free flow and length of the graft without the long-delayed operative time. TRIAL REGISTRATION: Trial registration number (Study ID): TCTR20160913002 Date of registration: September 10, 2016.

Prophylaxis with erythropoietin versus placebo reduces acute kidney injury and neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin in patients undergoing cardiac surgery: a randomized, double-blind controlled trial.

BACKGROUND: Cardiac surgery-associated acute kidney injury (CSA-AKI) is a common complication following coronary bypass graft (CABG) surgery. Multi-factorial causes of CSA-AKI involve oxidative stress and inflammation. Erythropoietin (EPO) has been shown from many studies to have a reno-protective effect. The present study was conducted to examine the role of EPO in preventing CSA-AKI. METHODS: This prospective, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial was conducted in the Cardiovascular and Thoracic Unit. One hundred patients randomly received either 200 U/kg of rHuEPO (n = 50) or saline (n = 50) intravenously three days before operation, and rHuEPO 100 U/kg or saline at operation time. The serum creatinine (SCr), estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) and urine neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocaline (NGAL) were measured in order to evaluate renal injury following CABG. RESULTS: The incidence of CSA-AKI was significantly lower in rHuEPO group (14%) when compared with the placebo group (38%; p < 0.01). The mean intensive care unit (ICU) and hospital stays of the rHuEPO group were significantly shorter than the placebo group (p < 0.01). Postoperative increases in SCr and decreases in eGFR were significantly lower in the rHuEPO group than the placebo group (p < 0.05). The mean urine NGAL in rHuEPO group was significantly lower than the placebo group at 3 hr, 6 hr, 12 hr and 18 hr after CABG (p < 0.05), respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Prophylaxis administration with intravenous rHuEPO before cardiac surgery decreased the incidence of CSA-AKI and urine NGAL with reduced days in ICU and hospital in elective CABG patients. TRIAL REGISTRATION: ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT01066351.

Surgical management for type A aortic dissection: 38 cases experience in King Chulalongkorn Memorial Hospital: early result and longterm follow-up.

OBJECTIVE: The objective of the present study was to evaluate the outcome of operative treatment for type A aortic dissection during the past 8 year period. PATIENTS AND METHOD: From January 1992 to March 2000, 38 patients (24 men and 14 women) underwent operations for acute (n = 26) and chronic (n = 12) type A aortic dissection. Patient's age ranged from 24 to 82 years (mean age 56 years). Surgical procedures included supracoronary ascending aortic graft for normal sinuses and valve (n = 34) with valve resuspension for commissural detatchment (n = 2), composite valve and ascending aortic graft for abnormal sinuses and valve (n = 1), and valve replacement and supracoronary ascending aortic graft for normal sinuses and abnormal valve (n = 1). Resection was extended into the arch and descending aorta in chronic dissection if there was excessive dilatation of the arch and descending aorta (n = 3). In 28 patients, aortic graft replacement was accomplished by proximal and distal anastomoses during aortic cross-clamping just proximal to the innominate artery. In 10 patients, deep hypothermia and circulatory arrest was used for open distal anastomosis or for arch replacement. Simultaneous coronary artery bypass grafting was performed in 4 patients. Pre-operative risk factors and the condition of the patients were defined and post-operative morbidity and mortality were followed in the early and long term period. RESULTS: There were 2 post-operative deaths (5.2%); one patient died of acute renal failure, the other patient had intra-operative rupture of the heart chamber; both were operated on in the acute phase of dissection. Complications included sternal wound infection in one case, neurological complication in two cases, respiratory problems in three cases, pericardial effusion in one case and post-operative bleeding that required re-operation in five cases. There was no hospital mortality in the group that were operated on in the chronic phase of dissection. Patient follow-up ranged 2 months to 8 years, there were two late mortalities, both, from acute myocardial infarction (at 33 days and 2 years after surgery). Survival rate was 92 per cent and 86 per cent at 30 days and 2 years, respectively. CONCLUSION: The result of repair of type A dissection in both phases was good in our center. The operative mortality was 5.2 per cent. Predictive factors of mortality were pre-operative shock (p=0.021), tamponade (p=0.021) and operation in the acute phase of dissection (p=0.042). In chronic type A dissection, the operative mortality was zero. Coronary artery disease was the most common cause of late deaths. Intermediate term survival in the present series was satisfactory.