Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae infection dynamics in naïve replacement gilts introduced to positive farms.

This study was designed to characterize the dynamics of infection of Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae in naïve replacement gilts after introduction to positive systems. Ninety-eight naïve gilts were monitored in three positive commercial farms (A, B, and C). The näive gilts were housed for 21 days in pens adjacently located to older gilt cohorts (named seeders), which have been naturally exposed to the positive farms. The infection dynamics was evaluated by PCR and ELISA, from laryngeal swabs and serum samples, respectively. Samples were collected at 150 (arrival), 165, 180, 210, 240, 270, 300 days of age (doa), and pre-farrowing. Infection occurred rapidly on farms A and B, taking 25.2 and 23.9 days for 95% of gilts to be PCR positive, respectively. There was no influence on the number of seeders at the time of exposure, but their absence (farm C) could explain the extended period it took for gilts to get infected (69.4 days). On average, it took 162.2 days after the first PCR detection for 85% of gilts to stop shedding the bacterium. The serology results were consistent with the herd infection curve. At pre-farrowing, 100% of gilts seroconverted and 36.7% remained PCR positive. A total of 1.33% of piglets were positive at weaning. Fifteen variants were detected among the three farms by MLVA. The acclimation protocol was efficient and easy to perform, and the presence of seeders was likely critical for early acclimation for M. hyopneumoniae.

Genetic diversity of Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae in finishing pigs in Minas Gerais / Diversidade de cepas de Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae em suínos em terminação brasileiros

Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae is one of the most challenging respiratory pathogens involved with swine pneumonia worldwide, responsible for a chronic infection with high morbidity, which predisposes secondary bacterial infections in growing and finishing pigs. Advances in diagnostic techniques allowed identification of genetic characteristics associated with high antigenic and proteomic variability among bacterial strains. This study aimed to evaluate the genetic diversity of M. hyopneumoniae strains in lungs with pneumonic lesions obtained from 52 pig farms located in Minas Gerais, one of the largest swine production states in Brazil. Genotyping was performed using multilocus variable number of tandem repeat (VNTR) analysis (MLVA), targeting two loci encoding P97 and P146 adhesins VNTR. The results showed that this agent is widely disseminated in pig farms and there is a high polymorphism of M. hyopneumoniae variants circulating in the state of Minas Gerais. Different M. hyopneumoniae genotypes are randomly distributed in several regions of the state, with no specific geographic population structure pattern. M. hyopneumoniae association with viral agents was sporadic (3.17% with Influenza A and 1.9% with PCV2).

Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae é um dos patógenos respiratórios mais desafiadores envolvidos com pneumonia suína em todo o mundo. É responsável por uma infecção crônica de alta morbidade, que predispõe a infecções bacterianas secundárias nas fases de crescimento e terminação. Avanços nas técnicas diagnósticas permitiram a identificação de características genéticas do agente, associadas à alta variabilidade antigênica e proteômica entre cepas. Este estudo teve como objetivo examinar a ocorrência e diversidade genética de cepas de M. hyopneumoniae em pulmões com lesões pneumônicas em 52 granjas de suínos no estado de Minas Gerais, um dos maiores estados produtores de suínos do Brasil. A genotipagem foi realizada utilizando a técnica de "multilocus variable number of tandem repeat analysis" (VTNR/MLVA), usando dois loci que codificam VNTR das adesinas P97 e P146. Os resultados mostraram que esse agente está amplamente disseminado em granjas de suínos e que existe alto polimorfismo das variantes de M. hyopneumoniae circulando no estado de Minas Gerais. Diferentes genótipos de M. hyopneumoniae estão distribuídos aleatoriamente em várias regiões do estado, sem um padrão de estrutura populacional e geográfica específico. Associação de M. hyopneumoniae e agentes virais foi esporádica (3,17% com Influenza A e 1,9% com PCV2).

Oral fluid for detection of exposure to Lawsonia intracellularis in naturally infected pigs.

To demonstrate the utility of oral fluid (OF) for indirect diagnostic detection of Lawsonia intracellularis (Li), 15 pig farms were studied. Serum and fecal samples were collected from 20 animals from five different age groups on each farm. OF samples were collected from animals in two pens of the same age groups. Serum and OF samples were analyzed in an immunoperoxidase in monolayer assay (IPMA) for the detection of anti-Li immunoglobulin G (IgG) and A (IgA). Compatible results were found between PCR and IgG in OF in four of the five ages evaluated. Simultaneous detection of IgG in serum and OF was mainly observed on farms showing clinical signs suggestive of porcine proliferative enteropathy (PPE). These findings demonstrate the potential usefulness of OF in detecting anti-Li antibodies as a diagnostic tool that can be used to monitor PPE in herds with clinical signs compatible with the disease.

Minimum inhibitory concentration of Brazilian Brachyspira hyodysenteriae strains / Concentração inibitória mínima de cepas Brachyspira hyodysenteriae brasileiras

The objectives of this study were to characterize Brachyspira hyodysenteriae isolates and to evaluate the antimicrobial susceptibility patterns of strains obtained from pigs in Brazil based on the minimal inhibitory concentration test (MIC). The MIC was performed for 22 B. hyodysenteriae isolates obtained from 2011 to 2013 using the following antimicrobial drugs: tylosin, tiamulin, valnemulin, doxycycline, lincomycin and tylvalosin. Outbreaks of swine dysentery were diagnosed based on clinical presentation, bacterial isolation, gross and microscopic lesions, duplex PCR for B. hyodysenteriae and B. pilosicoli and nox gene sequencing. All obtained MIC values were consistently higher or equal to the microbiological cut-off described in the literature. The MIC 90 values for the tested drugs were 8µg/ml for doxycycline, >4µg/ml for valnemulin, 8µg/ml for tiamulin, 32µg/ml for tylvalosin, >64µg/ml for lincomycin and >128µg/ml for tylosin. These results largely corroborate those reported in the literature. Tiamulin, doxycycline and tylvalosin showed the lowest MIC results. All of the samples subjected to phylogenetic analysis based on the nox gene sequence exhibited similar results, showing 100% identity to B. hyodysenteriae. This is the first study describing the MIC pattern of B. hyodysenteriae isolated in Brazil.(AU)

Os objetivos deste trabalho foram a caracterização de isolados de Brachyspira hyodysenteriae e avaliar os padrões de sensibilidade antimicrobiana de isolados obtidos a partir de suínos no Brasil com base no teste de concentração inibitória mínima (MIC). A MIC foi realizada em 22 isolados de B. hyodysenteriae obtidos entre 2011 a 2013 usando os seguintes antimicrobianos: tilosina, tiamulina, valnemulina, doxiciclina, lincomicina e tilvalosina. Surtos de disenteria suína foram diagnosticados com base na apresentação clínica, isolamento bacteriano, lesões macroscópicas e microscópicas, PCR duplex para B. hyodysenteriae e B. pilosicoli e sequenciamento do gene nox. Todos os valores de MIC obtidos foram consistentemente mais elevados ou igual ao ponto de corte microbiológica descrito na literatura. Os valores de MIC 90 para os fármacos testados foram de 8 µg / mL para a doxiciclina, > 4 µg/ml de valnemulina, 8 µg / mL para a tiamulina, 32 µg / ml para tilvalosina, > 64 µg / ml para a lincomicina e > 128 µg / ml de tilosina. Estes resultados corroboram em grande parte com os relatados na literatura. Tiamulina, doxiciclina e tilvalosina apresentaram os menores resultados de MIC. Todas as amostras submetidas à análise filogenética com base na sequência do gene nox exibiram resultados semelhantes, indicando 100% de identidade com B. hyodysenteriae. Este é o primeiro estudo que descreve o padrão MIC de B. hyodysenteriae isoladas no Brasil.(AU)

Minimum inhibitory concentration of Brazilian Brachyspira hyodysenteriae strains / Concentração inibitória mínima de cepas Brachyspira hyodysenteriae brasileiras

The objectives of this study were to characterize Brachyspira hyodysenteriae isolates and to evaluate the antimicrobial susceptibility patterns of strains obtained from pigs in Brazil based on the minimal inhibitory concentration test (MIC). The MIC was performed for 22 B. hyodysenteriae isolates obtained from 2011 to 2013 using the following antimicrobial drugs: tylosin, tiamulin, valnemulin, doxycycline, lincomycin and tylvalosin. Outbreaks of swine dysentery were diagnosed based on clinical presentation, bacterial isolation, gross and microscopic lesions, duplex PCR for B. hyodysenteriae and B. pilosicoli and nox gene sequencing. All obtained MIC values were consistently higher or equal to the microbiological cut-off described in the literature. The MIC 90 values for the tested drugs were 8µg/ml for doxycycline, >4µg/ml for valnemulin, 8µg/ml for tiamulin, 32µg/ml for tylvalosin, >64µg/ml for lincomycin and >128µg/ml for tylosin. These results largely corroborate those reported in the literature. Tiamulin, doxycycline and tylvalosin showed the lowest MIC results. All of the samples subjected to phylogenetic analysis based on the nox gene sequence exhibited similar results, showing 100% identity to B. hyodysenteriae. This is the first study describing the MIC pattern of B. hyodysenteriae isolated in Brazil.(AU)

Os objetivos deste trabalho foram a caracterização de isolados de Brachyspira hyodysenteriae e avaliar os padrões de sensibilidade antimicrobiana de isolados obtidos a partir de suínos no Brasil com base no teste de concentração inibitória mínima (MIC). A MIC foi realizada em 22 isolados de B. hyodysenteriae obtidos entre 2011 a 2013 usando os seguintes antimicrobianos: tilosina, tiamulina, valnemulina, doxiciclina, lincomicina e tilvalosina. Surtos de disenteria suína foram diagnosticados com base na apresentação clínica, isolamento bacteriano, lesões macroscópicas e microscópicas, PCR duplex para B. hyodysenteriae e B. pilosicoli e sequenciamento do gene nox. Todos os valores de MIC obtidos foram consistentemente mais elevados ou igual ao ponto de corte microbiológica descrito na literatura. Os valores de MIC 90 para os fármacos testados foram de 8 µg / mL para a doxiciclina, > 4 µg/ml de valnemulina, 8 µg / mL para a tiamulina, 32 µg / ml para tilvalosina, > 64 µg / ml para a lincomicina e > 128 µg / ml de tilosina. Estes resultados corroboram em grande parte com os relatados na literatura. Tiamulina, doxiciclina e tilvalosina apresentaram os menores resultados de MIC. Todas as amostras submetidas à análise filogenética com base na sequência do gene nox exibiram resultados semelhantes, indicando 100% de identidade com B. hyodysenteriae. Este é o primeiro estudo que descreve o padrão MIC de B. hyodysenteriae isoladas no Brasil.(AU)

Minimum inhibitory concentration of Brazilian Brachyspira hyodysenteriae strains

ABSTRACT: The objectives of this study were to characterize Brachyspira hyodysenteriae isolates and to evaluate the antimicrobial susceptibility patterns of strains obtained from pigs in Brazil based on the minimal inhibitory concentration test (MIC). The MIC was performed for 22 B. hyodysenteriae isolates obtained from 2011 to 2013 using the following antimicrobial drugs: tylosin, tiamulin, valnemulin, doxycycline, lincomycin and tylvalosin. Outbreaks of swine dysentery were diagnosed based on clinical presentation, bacterial isolation, gross and microscopic lesions, duplex PCR for B. hyodysenteriae and B. pilosicoli and nox gene sequencing. All obtained MIC values were consistently higher or equal to the microbiological cut-off described in the literature. The MIC 90 values for the tested drugs were 8g/ml for doxycycline, >4g/ml for valnemulin, 8g/ml for tiamulin, 32g/ml for tylvalosin, >64g/ml for lincomycin and >128g/ml for tylosin. These results largely corroborate those reported in the literature. Tiamulin, doxycycline and tylvalosin showed the lowest MIC results. All of the samples subjected to phylogenetic analysis based on the nox gene sequence exhibited similar results, showing 100% identity to B. hyodysenteriae. This is the first study describing the MIC pattern of B. hyodysenteriae isolated in Brazil.

RESUMO: Os objetivos deste trabalho foram a caracterização de isolados de Brachyspira hyodysenteriae e avaliar os padrões de sensibilidade antimicrobiana de isolados obtidos a partir de suínos no Brasil com base no teste de concentração inibitória mínima (MIC). A MIC foi realizada em 22 isolados de B. hyodysenteriae obtidos entre 2011 a 2013 usando os seguintes antimicrobianos: tilosina, tiamulina, valnemulina, doxiciclina, lincomicina e tilvalosina. Surtos de disenteria suína foram diagnosticados com base na apresentação clínica, isolamento bacteriano, lesões macroscópicas e microscópicas, PCR duplex para B. hyodysenteriae e B. pilosicoli e sequenciamento do gene nox. Todos os valores de MIC obtidos foram consistentemente mais elevados ou igual ao ponto de corte microbiológica descrito na literatura. Os valores de MIC 90 para os fármacos testados foram de 8 g / mL para a doxiciclina, > 4 g/ml de valnemulina, 8 g / mL para a tiamulina, 32 g / ml para tilvalosina, > 64 g / ml para a lincomicina e > 128 g / ml de tilosina. Estes resultados corroboram em grande parte com os relatados na literatura. Tiamulina, doxiciclina e tilvalosina apresentaram os menores resultados de MIC. Todas as amostras submetidas à análise filogenética com base na sequência do gene nox exibiram resultados semelhantes, indicando 100% de identidade com B. hyodysenteriae. Este é o primeiro estudo que descreve o padrão MIC de B. hyodysenteriae isoladas no Brasil.

Equine proliferative enteropathy on a Brazilian farm / Enteropatia proliferativa em um haras brasileiro

Lawsonia intracellularis infection on a horse farm in the Midwest region of Brazil is described. Thirty-nine foals a few days to months old from a herd with 300 horses, experienced diarrhea with variable characteristics and intensities, weight loss, hyperemic mucous membranes and dehydration. In foals 3 to 6 months of age, hypoproteinemia associated with submandibular edema were also common. Intestinal fragments of a 7-month-old foal were sent to an animal disease laboratory for diagnosis. The observed macroscopic lesions were hyperemic serosa, thickening of the intestinal wall with a corrugation, thickening of the mucosa folds and reduction of intestinal lumen. Histological analysis of the small and large intestine revealed enterocyte hyperplasia of the crypts associated with diffuse marked decrease in the number of goblet cells and positive L. intracellularis antigen labeling by immunohistochemistry. Three out of 11 animals of the same property were seropositive for L. intracellularis, demonstrating the circulation of the agent throughout the farm, but none were PCR positive in fecal samples. Based on clinical signs and pathological findings, the diagnosis of equine proliferative enteropathy was confirmed.(AU)

Descreve-se a infecção por Lawsonia intracellularisem uma propriedade na região Oeste do Brasil. Em um rebanho de 300 equinos, 39 potros com poucos dias de vida à 21 meses apresentaram diarreia de características e intensidades variáveis, com perda de peso e desidratação. Em potros com três a seis meses de idade, hipoproteinemia associada a edema submandibular também foram frequentes. Fragmentos intestinais de um potro de 7 meses foram enviados ao laboratório de patologia animal para diagnóstico. Na macroscopia foi observada hiperemia de serosa e moderado espessamento de parede intestinal. Na histologia do intestino delgado existia hiperplasia de enterócitos de criptas difusa intensa com redução marcante de células caliciformes e marcação positiva na imuno-histoquímica para L. intracellularis. Na sorologia de 11 animais da mesma propriedade, três foram positivos. Já a PCR foi negativa para todos os animais. Com base nos sinais clínicos e nos achados patológicos confirmou-se o diagnóstico de enteropatia proliferativa equina, associada a sorologia positiva que demonstrava circulação do agente na propriedade.(AU)

Equine proliferative enteropathy on a brazilian farm / Enteropatia proliferativa em um haras brasileiro

Lawsonia intracellularis infection on a horse farm in the Midwest region of Brazil is described. Thirty-nine foals a few days to months old from a herd with 300 horses, experienced diarrhea with variable characteristics and intensities, weight loss, hyperemic mucous membranes and dehydration. In foals 3 to 6 months of age, hypoproteinemia associated with submandibular edema were also common. Intestinal fragments of a 7-month-old foal were sent to an animal disease laboratory for diagnosis. The observed macroscopic lesions were hyperemic serosa, thickening of the intestinal wall with a corrugation, thickening of the mucosa folds and reduction of intestinal lumen. Histological analysis of the small and large intestine revealed enterocyte hyperplasia of the crypts associated with diffuse marked decrease in the number of goblet cells and positive L. intracellularis antigen labeling by immunohistochemistry. Three out of 11 animals of the same property were seropositive for L. intracellularis, demonstrating the circulation of the agent throughout the farm, but none were PCR positive in fecal samples. Based on clinical signs and pathological findings, the diagnosis of equine proliferative enteropathy was confirmed.

Descreve-se a infecção por Lawsonia intracellularisem uma propriedade na região Oeste do Brasil. Em um rebanho de 300 equinos, 39 potros com poucos dias de vida à 21 meses apresentaram diarreia de características e intensidades variáveis, com perda de peso e desidratação. Em potros com três a seis meses de idade, hipoproteinemia associada a edema submandibular também foram frequentes. Fragmentos intestinais de um potro de 7 meses foram enviados ao laboratório de patologia animal para diagnóstico. Na macroscopia foi observada hiperemia de serosa e moderado espessamento de parede intestinal. Na histologia do intestino delgado existia hiperplasia de enterócitos de criptas difusa intensa com redução marcante de células caliciformes e marcação positiva na imuno-histoquímica para L. intracellularis. Na sorologia de 11 animais da mesma propriedade, três foram positivos. Já a PCR foi negativa para todos os animais. Com base nos sinais clínicos e nos achados patológicos confirmou-se o diagnóstico de enteropatia proliferativa equina, associada a sorologia positiva que demonstrava circulação do agente na propriedade.