Subject(s)
Schizophrenia , Terminology as Topic , Humans , Japan , Neurology , Psychiatry , Public Opinion , Quality of Life , Societies, MedicalABSTRACT
In our search for new fusicoccins of unique diterpene glucosides from Phomopsis amygdali, we found that a fragrant substance was formed in the early stage of fusicoccin fermentation. This fragrant constituent was isolated and identified as (+)-menthol, which is a novel fungal metabolite as the enantiomer of well-known peppermint (-)-menthol. (+)-7-Hydroxymenthol and new (+)-(6S)-hydroxymenthol were also isolated and identified as fungal metabolites. In addition, p-menthanetriol, which has been reported as the first fungal monoterpene from the fungus, was also isolated. The possible biosynthetic relationship of these metabolites is discussed.
Subject(s)
Menthol/analogs & derivatives , Mitosporic Fungi/chemistry , Monoterpenes/chemistry , Carbon Isotopes , Glycosides/biosynthesis , Hydroxylation , Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy/methods , Menthol/isolation & purification , Menthol/metabolism , Mitosporic Fungi/metabolism , Monoterpenes/isolation & purification , Monoterpenes/metabolism , StereoisomerismABSTRACT
This report describes the characteristics for the development of a compound lens that consists of a single pole-piece objective lens and an electrostatic bipotential lens. By applying a relatively small voltage of around 1 kV to the specimen and the bipotential lens, the image quality for low acceleration voltage is improved to a condition better than with just a single pole-piece lens. Even if the wafer is tilted to a large angle, the electric field near the specimen does not become asymmetrical, and there is no occurrence of astigmatic aberration or a reduction of the secondary electron signal. Therefore, 300 mm diameter wafers can be tilted with large angles to observe patterns, particles and defects with high-resolution SEM. Lastly, when the specimen is not tilted, a topographic image of the specimen surface can be obtained by detecting the secondary electron with dual detectors.
ABSTRACT
Our search for new polar fusicoccins biosynthetically related to fusicoccin A from the culture filtrate of isolate Niigata 2-A of a peach Fusicoccum canker fungus resulted in the isolation of new fusicoccins named fusicoccins P and Q, and 3-epifusicoccins H and Q, together with 3'-deacetylfusicoccin A and 16-O-demethyl-3-epifusicoccin J. The structures of fusicoccins P and Q, and of 3-epifusicoccin Q were determined to be those of deisopentenylfusicoccin J, 12alpha-hydroxyfusicoccin H and 12alpha-hydroxy-3-epifusicoccin H, respectively, by NMR spectrometry and chemical derivation from known fusicoccins. 3-Epifusicoccin H was identified by comparing its 400 MHz NMR spectra with those of fusicoccin H. The lettuce seed germination-stimulating activity of these new fusicoccins was examined in the presence of ABA: fusicoccin P was highly active, while 3-epifusicoccins H and Q were slightly active, and fusicoccins H and Q were almost inactive. Possible biosynthetic pathways incorporating these new fusicoccins and 3-epifusicoccins from geranylgeranyl diphosphate to 3'-deacetlyfusicoccin A and 16-O-demethyl-3-epifusicoccin J are discussed.