ABSTRACT
Enabling students to acquire practical skills that can be utilized after graduation has become an agenda for basic nursing education since the start of Japan's "super-aging society" and the sophistication of modern medical treatment. Nursing schools are attempting to introduce the Objective Structured Clinical Examination (OSCE) in an attempt to integrate this important agenda. OSCE has been implemented at our school of nursing since 2014 in the first semester for third year students as a part of the integrated course for clinical training. E-learning has been utilized to help students study for the examination, and, according to students' subjective evaluations, a certain level of effect has been confirmed. However, as we have new agendas for each school year, adjustments need to be made every year. We have made 3 adjustments so far since 2017. In this paper we report on our implementation of the OSCE in the year 2014, evaluations and adjustments to the OSCE in 2014 from the perspectives of 1) learning support, 2) evaluation methods, and 3) the application of the OSCE.
Subject(s)
Education, Nursing , Acute Disease , HumansABSTRACT
Mono-layers of aggregated Poly(3-hexylthiophene) (P3HT) and [6,6]-phenyl-C61-butyric acid methyl ester (PCBM) molecules were obtained by using solutions of P3HT, PCBM and P3HT-PCBM mixture without stabilizers such as stearates in chloroform at an air-water interface. 1 to 10 cycle-lifted LB films of P3HT and PCBM were successfully transferred to cleaned bare indium-tin-oxide coated glass substrate by vertical lifting method excluding the first 1 to 2 cycle layer. The dependence of P3HT and PCBM film thickness on the transfer cycles has been explained by the molecular sizes, where four edge-on P3HT molecular and six PCBM molecular stacking which result in thickness was taken into account. Work functions of deposited LB-layers were consistent with those of the ordinary casted films. P3HT and PCBM LB-layers showed optical activity in both infra-red (IR) and visible absorption regions of the spectrum. P-polarized IR absorption owing to C=C and C=O stretching vibrations observed in LB-layered films clearly indicate the enhancement of the orientation of these bonds perpendicular to the substrate surface in contrast to the spin-coated one. Visible optical absorption intensity was increased well in proportion with the lift cycle-numbers of both P3HT and PCBM LB films. The photovoltaic characteristics have been observed in the devices fabricated with P3HT (5 cycles-layer)/PCBM (5 cycles-layer) LB hetero structure as an active layer of the solar cells. The surface pressure of LB compression for the mixture of P3HT and PCBM, that is, bulk hetero mixtures, has also been well built up to 30 mN/m.
