Systematic review: SARS-COV-2 contagion prevention measures in vision health professionals.

The disease, which originated from the SARS-CoV-2 virus, is primarily transmitted by direct contact with infected individuals. Visual healthcare professionals perform clinical practices that pose a significant risk of infection due to their proximity with patients during the examination. This systematic review aims to identify preventive measures that will aid in reducing the risk of infection during standard appointments between patients and visual health professionals. A systematic review was done for articles published in indexed journals from December 2019 to December 2020. The search for these articles was done in 3 electronic databases. As part of the search criteria, articles were selected if they had the keywords (SARS-CoV-2), (COVID-19), and coronavirus combined with ophthalmology, optometry, eye care, and the eye. Once duplicated and unrelated items were eliminated, 36 articles of interest were selected. Seven sections were described in detail: telephone screening, (COVID-19) triage, decreasing transmission within shared spaces, hand washing, use of personal protective equipment Personal Protective Equipment (PPE), cleaning of diagnostic instruments, and use of telemedicine. This paper helps healthcare professionals to better understand the context of the "new normal" clinical practice. Visual health professionals and their patients must adhere to norms and use the indicated PPE during the consultation to safeguard each other.

Barreras en mujeres indígenas para acceder a servicios obstétricos en el marco de redes integradas de servicios de salud / Barriers for indigenous women to access obstetric services within the framework of integrated health services networks

OBJETIVO: Analizar las barreras que enfrentan las mujeres indígenas para acceder a la red de servicios obstétricos en el marco de Redes Integradas de Servicios de Salud. MÉTODO: Se diseñó un estudio transversal descriptivo que integró métodos cuantitativos y cualitativos. La muestra fue intencionada, no probabilística. La recolección de datos se hizo en Oaxaca, México, durante 2017 y 2018. Se encuestó a 149 mujeres indígenas usuarias de servicios obstétricos para caracterizarlas sociodemográficamente y se seleccionaron 30 que tuvieron complicaciones durante el proceso de embarazo y parto para realizarles una entrevista semiestructurada. Se realizó observación no participante. RESULTADOS: La red de servicios obstétricos agrupa la atención de cuatro instituciones con diferentes modelos de atención, y por ello diversos tipos de establecimientos y recursos humanos para atender a las mujeres indígenas. Casi el 20% de las mujeres no iniciaron control prenatal en el primer trimestre del embarazo y el 27,2% tuvieron complicaciones durante el periodo gestacional. Las principales barreras fueron de disponibilidad (horarios de atención, aspectos geográficos), accesibilidad (carencia de recursos financieros), aceptabilidad (prácticas ancestrales vs. recomendaciones médicas) y continuidad del servicio (dificultades para ingresar al segundo nivel de atención y a especialidades médicas). CONCLUSIONES: El modelo de atención en redes posibilita el acceso a los servicios obstétricos, pero no garantiza la atención. Para ello, es necesario mejorar tanto la infraestructura de las instituciones prestadoras de servicios obstétricos como los procesos de atención. Hay que ampliar la visión del modelo considerando la perspectiva de derechos humanos y de equidad en salud

OBJECTIVE: To analyze the barriers that indigenous women face in access to the network of obstetric services in the context of the implementation of integrated healthcare networks (IHN). METHOD: We designed a cross-sectional descriptive study including quantitative and qualitative methods. Sampling was intentional, no probabilistic. Data collection was carried out in Oaxaca, Mexico, during 2017-2018. A total of 149 indigenous women who used obstetrical services were surveyed and sociodemographic characteristics were obtained. Later were selected 30 cases that had complications during pregnancy and childbirth for a semi-structured interview. Non-participant observation was conducted. RESULTS: The network of obstetric services comprises four institutions with different models of care and therefore different types of facilities and human resources to assist indigenous women. Nearly 20% of women did not start prenatal care in the first trimester of pregnancy and 27.2% had complications during the gestational period. The main barriers were availability (hours of operation, geographical aspects), accessibility (lack of financial resources), acceptability (ancestral practices vs. medical recommendations), and continuity of service (difficulties for admit patients in hospitals referred from first line of care). CONCLUSIONS: The networks model allows access to obstetric services but does not guarantee care. For this it is necessary to improve both: the infrastructure of the obstetric service providers, and the care processes. It is necessary to broaden the vision of the IHN management model considering the perspective of human rights and equity in health

Lags in the provision of obstetric services to indigenous women and their implications for universal access to health care in Mexico.

Through quantitative and qualitative methods, in this article the authors describe the perspectives of indigenous women who received antenatal and childbirth medical care within a care model that incorporates a non-governmental organisation (NGO), Partners in Health. They discuss whether the NGO model better resolves the care-seeking process, including access to health care, compared with a standard model of care in government-subsidised health care units (setting of health services networks). Universal health coverage advocates access for the most disadvantaged and vulnerable populations as a priority. However, the issue of access includes problems related to the effect of certain structural social determinants that limit different aspects of the obstetric care process. The findings of this study show the need to modify the structure of organisational values in order to place users at the centre of medical care and ensure respect for their rights. The participation of agents outside the public system, such as NGOs, can be of great value for moving in this direction. Women's participation is also necessary for learning how they are being cared for and the extent to which they are satisfied with obstetric services. This research experience can be used for other countries with similar conditions.

[Barriers for indigenous women to access obstetric services within the framework of integrated health services networks]. / Barreras en mujeres indígenas para acceder a servicios obstétricos en el marco de redes integradas de servicios de salud.

OBJECTIVE: To analyze the barriers that indigenous women face in access to the network of obstetric services in the context of the implementation of integrated healthcare networks (IHN). METHOD: We designed a cross-sectional descriptive study including quantitative and qualitative methods. Sampling was intentional, no probabilistic. Data collection was carried out in Oaxaca, Mexico, during 2017-2018. A total of 149 indigenous women who used obstetrical services were surveyed and sociodemographic characteristics were obtained. Later were selected 30 cases that had complications during pregnancy and childbirth for a semi-structured interview. Non-participant observation was conducted. RESULTS: The network of obstetric services comprises four institutions with different models of care and therefore different types of facilities and human resources to assist indigenous women. Nearly 20% of women did not start prenatal care in the first trimester of pregnancy and 27.2% had complications during the gestational period. The main barriers were availability (hours of operation, geographical aspects), accessibility (lack of financial resources), acceptability (ancestral practices vs. medical recommendations), and continuity of service (difficulties for admit patients in hospitals referred from first line of care). CONCLUSIONS: The networks model allows access to obstetric services but does not guarantee care. For this it is necessary to improve both: the infrastructure of the obstetric service providers, and the care processes. It is necessary to broaden the vision of the IHN management model considering the perspective of human rights and equity in health.