Cross-lagged relations between mentoring received from supervisors and employee OCBs: Disentangling causal direction and identifying boundary conditions.

Although mentoring has documented relationships with employee attitudes and outcomes of interest to organizations, neither the causal direction nor boundary conditions of the relationship between mentoring and organizational citizenship behaviors (OCBs) has been fully explored. On the basis of Social Learning Theory (SLT; Bandura, 1977, 1986), we predicted that mentoring received by supervisors would causally precede OCBs, rather than employee OCBs resulting in the receipt of more mentoring from supervisors. Results from cross-lagged data collected at 2 points in time from 190 intact supervisor-employee dyads supported our predictions; however, only for OCBs directed at individuals (OCB-Is) and not for OCBs directed at the organization (OCB-Os). Further supporting our theoretical rationale for expecting mentoring to precede OCBs, we found that coworker support operates as a substitute for mentoring in predicting OCB-Is. By contrast, no moderating effects were found for perceived organizational support. The results are discussed in terms of theoretical implications for mentoring and OCB research, as well as practical suggestions for enhancing employee citizenship behaviors.

Quality of life in Parkinson's disease patients with motor fluctuations and dyskinesias in five European countries.

BACKGROUND: Little is known about the relationship between specific subtypes of treatment-associated motor complications and different domains of health-related Quality of Life (QoL) in patients with Parkinson's disease (PD). Larger studies that investigate these aspects within a cross-cultural setting are scarce. OBJECTIVE: To assess QoL and its association with on-off fluctuations, peak-dose dyskinesias, biphasic dyskinesias, and off-dystonias in PD patients from five European countries. METHODS: Data from 817 PD patients were collected cross-sectionally in France, Germany, Italy, Spain, and the UK. QoL was measured with the generic EuroQoL 5-Dimension questionnaire (EQ-5D) and the disease-specific Parkinson's Disease Questionnaire-39 (PDQ-39). Multivariable linear regression analyses were performed to test the associations of motor complication subtypes with QoL. RESULTS: Thirty-three percent of the patients (varying from 23% in Italy to 58% in France) suffered from motor complications, either a single subtype or a combination of different subtypes. On-off fluctuations were associated with a 7.1 percentage point decrease in the EQ-5D (p < 0.001) and a 3.6 percentage point deterioration in the PDQ-39 (p = 0.01). Dyskinesias were not seen to affect global QoL scores, but had detrimental effects on the PDQ-39 dimensions activities of daily living, cognitions, stigma, and bodily discomfort. Patients from Spain, Italy, and France had lower global QoL scores in the multivariable analyses than patients from Germany and the UK. CONCLUSION: Motor complications, primarily on-off fluctuations, may impact QoL in PD patients. This substantiates the importance of clinical strategies targeting the prevention, delay of onset, and management of motor complications in PD patients.

An interdisciplinary meta-analysis of the potential antecedents, correlates, and consequences of protégé perceptions of mentoring.

This meta-analysis summarized youth, academic, and workplace research on the potential antecedents (demographics, human capital, and relationship attributes), correlates (interaction frequency, relationship length, performance, motivation, and social capital), and consequences (attitudinal, behavioral, career-related, and health-related outcomes) of protégé perceptions of instrumental support, psychosocial support, and relationship quality to the mentor or to the relationship. A total of 173 meta-analytic correlations were computed based on data from 173 samples and a combined N of 40,737. Among antecedents, positive protégé perceptions were most strongly associated with greater similarity in attitudes, values, beliefs, and personality with their mentors (ρ ranged from .38 to .59). Among correlates, protégé perceptions of greater instrumental support (ρ = .35) and relationship quality (ρ = .54) were most strongly associated with social capital while protégé perceptions of greater psychosocial support were most strongly associated with interaction frequency (ρ = .25). Among consequences, protégé perceptions of greater instrumental support (ρ = .36) and relationship quality (ρ = .38) were most strongly associated with situational satisfaction while protégé perceptions of psychosocial support were most highly associated with sense of affiliation (ρ = .41). Comparisons between academic and workplace mentoring generally revealed differences in magnitude, rather than direction, of the obtained effects. The results should be interpreted in light of the methodological limitations (primarily cross-sectional designs and single-source data) and, in some instances, a small number of primary studies.

Effective Clinical Supervision in Substance Use Disorder Treatment Programs and Counselor Job Performance.

When mental health counselors have limited and/or inadequate training in substance use disorders (SUDs), effective clinical supervision (ECS) may advance their professional development. The purpose of the current study was to investigate whether ECS is related to the job performance of SUD counselors. Data were obtained in person via paper-and-pencil surveys from 392 matched SUD counselor-clinical supervisor dyads working in 27 SUD treatment organizations across the United States. ECS was rated by counselors and measured with five multi-item scales (i.e., sponsoring counselors' careers, providing challenging assignments, role modeling, accepting/confirming counselors' competence, overall supervisor task proficiency). Clinical supervisors rated counselors' job performance, which was measured with two multi-item scales (i.e., task performance, performance within supervisory relationship). Using mixed-effects models, we found that most aspects of ECS are related to SUD counselor job performance. Thus, ECS may indeed enhance counselors' task performance and performance within the supervisory relationship, and, as a consequence, offset limited formal SUD training.

Clinical supervisor and counselor perceptions of clinical supervision in addiction treatment.

Little is empirically known about clinical supervision in addiction treatment. This study describes multiple domains of clinical supervision in addiction treatment from the perspectives of clinical supervisors and their counselors. Survey data were obtained from 484 matched clinical supervisor-counselor dyads working in diverse addiction treatment programs across the United States. Supervisors report wide-ranging experiences and training in supervision. Counselors generally perceive their supervisors' job performance as effective. Supervisors and their counselors largely differ in their perceptions of supervision practices, with supervisors reporting greater supervision given and their counselors reporting less supervision received. The implications are discussed.