Growing a provincial patient and family engagement network to optimize kidney care.

Patient and family engagement is crucial for a responsive health system and improves patient outcomes. However, few practical resources for purposeful engagement are available to health leaders. Over the past five years, BC Renal, the provincial kidney care network in British Columbia, developed, operationalized, and implemented a framework to enable meaningful patient and family engagement. An advisory committee, comprising patient partners and representatives from health authorities and the community, directs the outreach, resource development, and evaluation of patient and family engagement at BC Renal. Here, we describe how our network-wide patient engagement strategy was developed and expanded upon, and the progress so far. A 2022 survey reports that 95% were satisfied with the engagement opportunities, and narrative feedback suggests network members continue to adopt practical ways to collaborate more effectively. Health leaders, patient partners, and others continue to align operational and strategic activities to advance culture change in kidney care provincially.

Evaluation and outcomes of a 5-year assisted peritoneal dialysis program.

BACKGROUND: In 2016, Peritoneal Dialysis Assist (PDA) was implemented in British Columbia, Canada, as a pilot program to allow patients with physical, cognitive and social impairments to access an independent dialysis modality. This is a presentation of the usage and 5-year clinical outcomes of our provincial assisted peritoneal dialysis (PD) program. METHODS: Patients who utilised long-term or respite PDA services in British Columbia, Canada, from 2016 to 2021 were included in this program evaluation. Incident and prevalent patient numbers were characterised annually as well as indications for PDA and patient demographics both annually and over time. Outcomes of interest included death, transfer to haemodialysis, transplantation and cessation of the PDA program but retention on PD. RESULTS: Three hundred twenty-two total patients received services through the PDA program. The percentage of PD patients supported by long-term PDA service has grown to 11.2% in the most recent year. Patients spend a median of 13.6 (95% CI: 11.0, 16.1) months on long-term PDA, prolonging overall patient duration on PD by a little over a year. Of the patients who exited the long-term PDA program, 73 (37.4%) were able to utilise the service until they died. CONCLUSION: PDA is an accessible, patient-centric service with clear and standardised referral criteria. Through the implementation of a local PDA program, patients have accessed PD and may have extended their PD life span, through avoidance of in-centre haemodialysis, by over 13 months during this 5-year study period. A significant proportion of patients on long-term PDA were able to use their preferred kidney replacement modality at home until they reached end of life.

Advancing Palliative Care in Patients With CKD: From Ideas to Practice.

A palliative approach to care focuses on what matters most to patients with life-limiting illness, including chronic kidney disease (CKD). Despite recent publication of related clinical practice guidelines in nephrology, there is limited information about how to practically implement these recommendations. In this Perspective, we describe our experience integrating a palliative approach within routine care of patients with CKD glomerular filtration rate categories 4 and 5 (G4-G5) across a provincial kidney care network during the past 15 years. The effort was led by a multidisciplinary group, tasked with building capacity and developing tools and resources for practical integration within a provincial network structure. We used an evidence-based framework that includes recommendations for 4 pillars of palliative care to guide our work: (1) patient identification, (2) advance care planning, (3) symptom assessment and management, and (4) caring of the dying patient and bereavement. Activities within each pillar have been iteratively implemented across all kidney care programs using existing committees and organizational structures. Key quality indicators were used to guide strategic planning and improvement. We supported culture change through the use of multiple strategies simultaneously. Altogether, we established and integrated palliative care activities into routine CKD G4-G5 care across the continuum from nondialysis to dialysis populations.

Systematic Evaluation of a Provincial Initiative to Improve Transition to Home Dialysis Therapies.

BACKGROUND: The transition from choosing to initiating home dialysis therapies (HDTs) is not clearly standardized for patients and staff, causing increased anxiety and suboptimal self-management for chronic kidney disease (CKD) patients. At BC Renal, a "Transition to HDTs" guidebook (the Guide) was designed, outlining a step-wise approach to transitioning to HDTs for patients, to help address some of these concerns. OBJECTIVE: We used the Logic Model evaluation framework to assess the value of the Guide to improve patient and staff experience with transitioning to HDTs. DESIGN: This is a prospective cohort quality improvement study. SETTING: This study took place at home dialysis programs in British Columbia, Canada, with 2 pilot sites and 2 control sites. PATIENTS: Patients above age 18 who attended kidney care clinics and identified HDT as their renal replacement treatment of choice were included in this study. MEASUREMENTS: Patient demographics were obtained from British Columbia Renal Patient Records and Outcomes Management Information System, with differences analyzed using Mann-Whitney U test and chi-square test where applicable. Patient surveys were based on Likert rating scales, analyzed using Cochran-Armitage trend test. All tests were 2-sided, with P < .05 considered significant. METHODS: The study enrolled patients from December 2018 to April 2019 at 2 pilot and 2 control sites. Patients were followed up for 8 months. The intervention strategies included (1) training of front-line staff to use the Guide and (2) dissemination of the guide to patients. Evaluation tools measuring data at baseline and at the 8-month point included (1) qualitative and quantitative patient surveys, (2) qualitative staff surveys, (3) structured feedback session with renal care staff, and (4) transition rate and time between choosing and starting a HDT. RESULTS: In total, 108 patients were enrolled: 43 patients at pilot sites and 65 in control sites. Twenty-three of 65 in control vs 18 of 43 in pilot transitioned to a HDT by 8-month follow-up. Transition time was 80 vs 89 days in pilot vs control group, but it was not statistically different (P = .37). The proportion of patients that transitioned to a HDT was 42% vs 35% in pilot vs control group (P = .497). Patients' anxiety, illness knowledge, and activation of resources were not significantly different between patients who successfully transitioned at control and pilot sites. During interviews, patients confirmed that the Guide was effective and helped retain knowledge. The staff felt that the intervention did not increase their workload and that the Guide was a good communication tool, but was used inconsistently. LIMITATIONS: We had a small sample size and limited number of patients enrolled who chose home hemodialysis, with none in the control group. The results are therefore more applicable to peritoneal dialysis. CONCLUSIONS: The Logic Model was useful to evaluate our multi-intervention strategy. While there were no statistically significant differences in transition time, rate, and patient anxiety with or without the Guide, qualitative opinions from patients indicate that the Guide was a useful supplement. In addition, feedback from renal care staff suggested that the Guide served as a framework for communicating the transition process with patients, and was perceived as a useful tool. Future work is required to standardize the Guide's utilization. TRIAL REGISTRATION: As this is a quality improvement evaluation study, trial registration is not applicable.

CONTEXTE: L'absence de normalisation, tant pour les patients que pour les soignants, dans la procédure de transition entre le choix de la dialyse à domicile (DD) comme thérapie de remplacement rénal et l'initiation du traitement engendre de l'anxiété et se traduit par une autogestion sous-optimale de la maladie chez les patients atteints d'IRC. Un guide de « transition vers la DD ¼ (le Guide) a été élaboré par le BC Renal. Ce document destiné aux patients décrit une approche de transition par étapes et répond à certaines préoccupations. OBJECTIF: Le cadre d'évaluation du modèle logique a été utilisé pour mesurer la capacité du Guide à améliorer l'expérience des patients et du personnel soignant lors de la transition vers la DD. TYPE D'ÉTUDE: Une étude de cohorte prospective mesurant la qualité de l'amélioration. CADRE: L'étude s'est tenue dans le cadre du programme de DD de la Colombie-Britannique (Canada), sur deux sites pilotes et deux sites contrôles. SUJETS: Les patients adultes qui fréquentaient les cliniques de santé rénale sélectionnées et qui avaient choisi la DD comme thérapie de remplacement rénal ont été inclus. MESURES: Les caractéristiques démographiques des patients ont été obtenues à partir de la base de données PROMIS (Renal Patient Records and Outcomes Management Information System) de la Colombie-Britannique. Selon le cas, les tests U de Mann-Whitney ou de chi-deux ont servi à analyser les différences. Les enquêtes menées auprès des patients étaient basées sur les échelles de notation de Likert et ont été analysées à l'aide du test de tendance Cochran-Armitage. Tous les tests étaient bilatéraux et un résultat de p inférieur à 0,05 a été considéré comme significatif. MÉTHODOLOGIE: L'étude a inclus des patients entre décembre 2018 et avril 2019 dans deux sites pilotes et deux sites contrôles, et le suivi s'est étalé sur huit mois. Les stratégies d'intervention visaient la formation du personnel de première ligne à l'utilisation du Guide et la diffusion de celui-ci aux patients. L'expérience des participants a été évaluée à l'inclusion et après huit mois de suivi à l'aide des outils suivants: (1) enquêtes qualificatives et quantitatives auprès des patients, (2) enquêtes qualitatives auprès des soignants, (3) séances de rétroaction structurées avec les soignants, (4) taux de transition et temps écoulé entre le choix de la DD comme modalité et l'initiation de la procédure. RÉSULTATS: L'étude porte sur un total de 108 patients (43 en site pilote et 65 en site contrôle). Au cours des huit mois de suivi, 23 patients des sites contrôles et 18 patients des sites pilotes ont fait la transition vers la DD. Le temps écoulé entre la décision et l'initiation de la DD s'établissait à 80 et 89 jours (pilotes vs contrôles), une différence qui n'a pas été considérée significative (P = 0,37). La proportion de patients qui sont passés à la DD était de 42 % et de 35 % (pilotes vs contrôles [P = 0,497]). Le niveau d'anxiété du patient, les connaissances à l'égard de la maladie et l'activation des ressources n'ont pas été jugés significativement différents entre les patients qui avaient réussi la transition, indépendamment du site. Au cours des entretiens, les patients ont confirmé que le Guide était efficace et qu'il aidait à retenir les connaissances. Les soignants ont quant à eux mentionné que les interventions n'augmentent pas leur charge de travail et que le Guide est un bon outil de communication, mais qu'il est utilisé de manière inconstante. LIMITES: L'échantillon de patients est faible; peu de sujets avaient choisi l'hémodialyse comme modalité, dont aucun dans le groupe contrôle. Nos résultats s'appliquent donc davantage à la dialyse péritonéale. CONCLUSION: Le modèle logique s'est avéré utile pour évaluer notre stratégie à interventions multiples. Bien que nous n'ayons pu observer de différences significatives dans le taux de transition, le temps requis pour procéder et le niveau d'anxiété du patient (avec ou sans le Guide), les avis qualitatifs des patients suggèrent que le Guide est un complément utile. La rétroaction du personnel soignant indique qu'il sert de cadre pour discuter du processus de transition avec les patients, et qu'il est perçu comme un outil utile. D'autres études sont requises pour normaliser l'utilisation du Guide. ENREGISTREMENT DE L'ESSAI: Il s'agit d'une étude mesurant la qualité de l'amélioration de l'expérience, l'enregistrement n'est donc pas requis.

Evaluation of a 12-Month Pilot of Long-Term and Temporary Assisted Peritoneal Dialysis.

♦ BACKGROUND: Peritoneal dialysis (PD) is challenging for patients with functional limitations, and assisted PD can support these patients, but previous reports of assisted PD have not examined the role of temporary assisted PD and had difficulty identifying adequate comparator cohorts. ♦ METHODS: Peritoneal Dialysis Assist (PDA), a 12-month pilot of long-term and temporary assisted PD was completed in multiple PD centers in British Columbia, Canada. Continuous cycler PD (CCPD) patients were identified for PDA by standardized criteria, and service could be long-term or temporary/respite. The PDA program provided daily assistance with cycler dismantle and setup, but patients remained responsible for cycler connections and treatment decisions. Outcomes were compared against both the general CCPD population and patients who met PDA criteria but were not enrolled (PDA-eligible). ♦ RESULTS: Fifty-three PDA patients had an 88% 1-year death- and transplant-censored technique survival that was similar to the general CCPD cohort (84%) and PDA-eligible cohort (86%). The PDA cohort had lower peritonitis rates (0.18 episodes/patient-year vs 0.22 and 0.36, respectively), but higher hospitalization (55% vs 34% and 35%, respectively). Long-term PDA cost approximately CDN$15,000/year in addition to existing dialysis costs. A total of 8/11 respite PDA patients (73%) returned to self-care PD after a median PDA use of 29 days, which costs $1,250/patient. ♦ CONCLUSIONS: Peritoneal Dialysis Assist provides effective support to functionally-limited CCPD patients and yields acceptable clinical outcomes. The program costs less than transfer to HD or long-term care, which represents cost minimization for failing self-care PD patients. Respite PDA provides effective temporary support; most patients returned to self-care PD and service was cost-effective compared with alternatives of hospitalization or transfer to HD.

Anaemia management protocols in the care of haemodialysis patients: examining patient outcomes.

AIMS AND OBJECTIVES: To determine whether the use of a nurse-driven protocol in the haemodialysis setting is as safe and effective as traditional physician-driven approaches to anaemia management. BACKGROUND: The role of haemodialysis nurses in renal anaemia management has evolved through the implementation of nurse-driven protocols, addressing the trend of exceeding haemoglobin targets and rising costs of erythropoietin-stimulating agents. DESIGN: Retrospective, non-equivalent case control group design. METHODS: The sample was from three haemodialysis units in a control group (n = 64) and three haemodialysis units in a protocol group (n = 43). The protocol group used a nurse-driven renal anaemia management protocol, while the control group used a traditional physician-driven approach to renal anaemia management. All retrospective data were obtained from a provincial renal database. Data were analysed using chi-square tests and t-tests. Patient outcomes examined were haemoglobin levels, transferrin saturation levels, erythropoietin-stimulating agents use and intravenous iron use. Cost comparisons were determined using average use of erythropoietin-stimulating agents and intravenous iron. RESULTS: Control and protocol groups reached haemoglobin target levels. In the protocol group, 75% reached transferrin saturation target levels in comparison with 25% of the control group. Use and costs for iron was higher in the control group, while use and costs for erythropoietin was higher in the protocol group. The higher usage of erythropoietin-stimulating agents was potentially related to comorbid conditions amongst the protocol group. CONCLUSIONS: A nurse-driven protocol approach to renal anaemia management was as effective as the physician-driven approach in reaching haemoglobin and transferrin saturation levels. Further examination of the use and dosing of erythropoietin-stimulating agents and intravenous iron, their impact on haemoglobin levels related to patient comorbidities and subsequent cost effectiveness of protocols is required. RELEVANCE TO CLINICAL PRACTICE: Using a nurse-driven protocol in practice supports the independent nursing role while contributing to safe patient outcomes.