Back pain in children.

Back pain in children may be due to many causes, both orthopaedic and nonorthopaedic. As with adults, underlying pathophysiology is frequently multifactoral and includes both physiologic and psychologic components. Assessment should include a thorough age-appropriate history and physical examination, based on presenting symptoms. The nurse should be aware of the child's perception of pain and its meaning, as well as that of the family. Management of back pain in children should include not only referral to appropriate specialists as indicated, but also should include involvement of the family unit in the treatment plan.

Cocaine use in women from a defined population: prevalence at delivery and effects on growth in infants.

Adverse health effects associated with intrauterine cocaine exposure (prematurity and its associated morbidity, intrauterine growth retardation, possible risk of sudden infant death syndrome) are based on studies from large urban hospitals, but few data exist from other sources. The current study, set in a community hospital, was designed to (1) estimate the prevalence of maternal cocaine use at delivery, (2) describe neonatal outcomes, and (3) evaluate physiological growth in exposed children. The study was conducted over 30 months (total births were 14,074) at The Children's Hospital of Greenville Memorial Hospital, the major source of neonatal care for Greenville County, South Carolina (1990 population: 320,000). A child was considered exposed to cocaine if there was documented evidence of use in the mother's medical record or if one member of the pair had a positive urine drug screen. Growth data were abstracted from clinical records. Overall prevalence of exposure was 1.0%. Of the 137 subjects (89, positive urine drug screen; 48 self-reported exposure), 21 (15%, 95% confidence interval, 9% to 21%) were premature (gestational age < 37 weeks) and 2 died of sudden infant death syndrome. Mean age- and sex-adjusted percentiles for weight, length, and head circumference increased from 23%, 29%, and 18%, respectively, at birth to 43%, 49%, and 54% in children followed for 12 months; however, 50% of the cohort were lost to follow-up, and these children were smaller at birth than those under active follow-up. Rates of prematurity and infant death were similar to those reported in urban hospitals.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)