Disclosure of child sexual abuse. For better or for worse.

The data presented here offer a longitudinal perspective on sexually abused children. Disclosure data are postulated to be important variables in the short-term and long-term victim-to-patient process. Fifty-five per cent of the 156 children seen purposefully disclosed their sexual abuse, most frequently to their mothers. Children who never told, but were seen after accidental disclosures, showed less distress, whether hiding minor or major forms of sexual abuse. This finding support the clinical impression that disclosure adds extra stress on children and cannot be expected of every victim. A history of past mental health intervention did not seem to enhance the child's ability to tell. Education of all professionals is critical. Approximately 18 months after the end of the crisis intervention offered at intake, 115 of the 156 cases were re-evaluated. Overall, most children showed improvements on standardized tests, but 24 per cent got worse. Specific symptoms were found to cluster in four groups: acute anxiety, characterologic, family dynamics, and specific symptoms related to sexual abuse (sexual maladjustment, prostitution, revictimization, sexually assaultive behavior). Although the data seem to support the notion that crisis intervention by trained clinicians is helpful, it is too early to tell if the ominous findings described in adult survivors can really be decreased. The impact of disclosing child sexual abuse on entire families should not be underestimated, even in cases of extrafamilial abuse. The poor ratings parents gave law enforcement, judicial, and Child Protective Service professionals may be linked to the reluctance of victims to disclose their abuse and underscores the need to review current procedures and practices. Overall, a great majority of parents did see the sexual abuse as harmful to the child and to the family, but they were evenly divided about whether the disclosure was harmful or helpful to the child and family. A final word of caution comes from the 19 per cent of adolescents who regretted their disclosures. For clinicians and for researchers, the data presented here lead to further questions. A longer follow-up period is needed to assess whether these victims will be similar to the adults described in the literature or will become survivors with less pathology and less pain.

Severity of emotional distress among sexually abused preschool, school-age, and adolescent children.

Many clinicians do not agree on whether or to what extent sexually abused children suffer emotional harm. An analysis of behavioral problems among 112 preschool, school-age, and adolescent children who had been sexually abused indicated that the preschool and adolescent samples showed relatively few signs of serious disturbance. The school-age group, however, showed a substantial incidence of psychological difficulties. The authors discuss the specific disturbances found among each group, the severity of the disturbances compared with those of normal children and children receiving psychiatric treatment for other reasons, and the implications of the findings for clinical interventions.