Materials Based on Antimony and Bismuth for Sodium Storage.

Sodium-ion batteries (SIBs) that efficiently store electricity into chemical energy have been extensively pursued because of their great potential for low-cost and large-scale stationary application such as smart grid and renewable energy. Successful deployment of SIBs requires efficient anode materials that could store Na+ ions via a reversible way at reasonable rates. Materials based on antimony and bismuth are capable of storing a high-concentration of Na+ ions via a reversible alloying reaction at suitable redox potentials, and thus have drawn substantial attention. However, these electrode materials are facing significant technical challenges, such as poor conductivity, multiple phase transformation, and severe volume swelling and shrinking, which make efficient materials design a necessity. In this review, we will give a latest overview of research progress in the design and application of electrode materials based on antimony and bismuth, and offer some value insights into their future development in sodium storage.

The enthalpies of formation of carbon nanomaterials as a key factor for understanding their structural features.

Carbon nanomaterials (CNMs), such as carbon nanotubes (CNTs), carbon nanoflakes (CNFs) and their N-doped derivatives, show sufficient correlations between structure, composition and properties. In this study, the relationships between structure and composition of different types of CNMs as well as their enthalpies of formation are analyzed based on original experimental results and earlier published data. The adiabatic bomb calorimetry technique is used for the determination of these values, together with elemental and thermal analyses, electron microscopy, Raman spectroscopy and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, which are applied for structure and composition analysis. The contributions of surface (ΔfH) and bulk (ΔfH) components in the values of enthalpies of formation ΔfH for different CNMs are estimated for the first time. It is shown that ΔfH is highly influenced by SBET, whereas ΔfH is defined by the number and homogeneity of inner layers conformable to the graphite structure. In the case of nitrogen-doped CNMs, ΔfH is influenced not only by the nitrogen content but also by the coordination of the heteroatom; substitutional nitrogen demonstrates a higher effect compared to pyrrolic and pyridine-like nitrogens.