ABSTRACT
Introduction. Azithromycin (AZM) is a therapeutic drug for sexually transmitted infections and is used for Neisseria gonorrhoeae when first- and second-line drugs are not available. Recently, the susceptibility of N. gonorrhoeae against AZM has been decreasing worldwide.Hypothesis/Gap Statement. Azithromycin-resistance (AZM-R) rates among N. gonorrhoeae in Japan are increasing, and the gene mutations and epidemiological characteristics of AZM-R in N. gonorrhoeae have not been fully investigated.Aim. We determined the susceptibility to AZM and its correlation with genetic characteristics of N. gonorrhoeae.Methodology. We investigated the susceptibility to AZM and genetic characteristics of N. gonorrhoeae. Mutations in domain V of the 23S rRNA gene and mtrR were examined in 93 isolates, including 13 AZM-R isolates. Spread and clonality were examined using sequence types (STs) of multi-antigen sequence typing for N. gonorrhoeae (NG-MAST), and whole genome analysis (WGA) to identify single nucleotide polymorphisms.Results. The number of AZM-R isolates increased gradually from 2015 to 2019 in Hyogo (P=0.008). C2599T mutations in 23S rRNA significantly increased in AZM-R isolates (P<0.001). NG-MAST ST4207 and ST6762 were frequently detected in AZM-R isolates, and they had higher MICs to AZM from 6 to 24 µg/ml. The phylogenic tree-based WGA showed that all isolates with ST4207 were contained in the same clade, and isolates with ST6762 were divided into two clades, AZM-S isolates and AZM-R isolates, which were different from the cluster containing ST1407.Conclusion. Our study showed yearly increases in AZM-R rates in N. gonorrhoeae. NG-MAST ST4207 and ST6762 were not detected in our previous study in 2015 and were frequently identified in isolates with higher MICs to AZM. WGA confirmed that isolates with these STs are closely related to each other. Continued surveillance is needed to detect the emergence and confirm the spread of NG-MAST ST4207 and ST6762.
Subject(s)
Gonorrhea , Neisseria gonorrhoeae , Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology , Anti-Bacterial Agents/therapeutic use , Azithromycin/pharmacology , Azithromycin/therapeutic use , Drug Resistance, Bacterial/genetics , Gonorrhea/drug therapy , Gonorrhea/epidemiology , Humans , Japan/epidemiology , Microbial Sensitivity Tests , Neisseria gonorrhoeae/genetics , RNA, Ribosomal, 23S/geneticsABSTRACT
Three Japanese patients demonstrated plasma prekallikrein (PK) deficiency (PKD) after an examination of the proband family line named 'PKD Seki'. A molecular genetic analysis of these PK genes showed homozygous amino acid substitutions Gly104Arg and Asn124Ser in exon 5, which encodes part of the apple domain 2 (A2) of the heavy chain. This is the first case involving substitutions in the heavy chain of the PK gene which affected blood coagulation. Because the apple domains of PK bind to the C-terminal domain (D6(H)) of high-molecular weight kininogen (HMWK), the two substitutions in A2 may therefore be the main cause of PKD Seki. We subsequently investigated the effects of amino acid substitutions in A2 to elucidate the binding activity of PK to HMWK using mutant A2 proteins produced in Escherichia coli. We clearly demonstrated that the Gly104Arg-substitution with the Asn124Ser-substitution in A2 reduce the binding activity of A2 to HMWK. PKD Seki is the first significant case to show the amino acid substitutions in the A2 affecting the binding capacity of PK with HMWK. Our findings therefore suggest that the binding of PK to HMWK may play a crucial role in the first step of blood coagulation.
