ABSTRACT
Carbapenemase-producing bacteria have persistent environmental reservoirs in handwashing sinks. This study assessed the impact of handwashing soaps on the population dynamics of carbapenemase-producing Enterobacterales (CPE) and non-CPE. A number of isolates were grown in minimal media with or without two hand soaps marketed for use in health care. Soap A led to increased growth of all isolates except for Escherichia coli. Soap B did not lead to increased growth. The main difference between the formulations was that Soap B contained DMDM hydantoin, a preservative agent and sensitizer. These results show that environmental persistence of CPE may be sustained by common handwashing practices with soap, but further research is required.
Subject(s)
Escherichia coli/drug effects , Hand Disinfection/standards , Klebsiella pneumoniae/drug effects , Soaps/pharmacology , Soaps/standards , Bacterial Proteins , Colony Count, Microbial , Escherichia coli/enzymology , Humans , Hydantoins/pharmacology , Infection Control , Klebsiella pneumoniae/enzymology , beta-LactamasesABSTRACT
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ABSTRACT
The unique hydrographic setting of the Bay of Bengal (BoB) makes it an ideal tropical marine system to study the influence of regional and global forcings on productivity and [CO2aq] through the late quaternary. Enormous fresh water flux into the BoB and consequent salinity stratification significantly weaken the convective mixing and wind driven processes which are commonly responsible for transport of nutrients to the euphotic zone driving primary productivity. Here we present a high resolution organic carbon-CaCO3 MAR and δ13CTOC records for the last 300 ky from the BoB. The results show significant productivity variation at marine isotope sub-stages and millennial timescales. Colder sub-stages and stadials (Dansgard-Oeschger cycle) show a boost in productivity which may be attributed to thinning of low salinity cap, thereby facilitating efficient nutrient transport across the euphotic zone by the combination of wind driven processes (entrainment and upwelling), convective mixing and cold core eddies. The [CO2aq] was a net result of global pCO2 variation and regional processes. Our long term high-resolution data indicates a possibility of marked change in productivity/biogeochemistry of BOB in the future due to global warming, thus affecting the coastal economy.
ABSTRACT
Antioxidant defences consisting of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase, glutathione peroxidase (GPx), and non-protein thiol (GSH) were estimated in the surviving kidney of unilaterally nephrectomized rats on days 1, 2, 3 and 12, following surgery. Simultaneously renal tissue lipid peroxidation (LP) and plasma GPx was monitored. The aim of this study was to evaluate the role of antioxidant defence in renal pathophysiology. Significant elevations in renal LP, GPx and GSH were evident on the first day and were maintained till 3rd day following nephrectomy. The response of SOD and catalase was slower, attaining significant elevation on 2nd and 3rd day respectively. Tissue GPx was the only parameter which remained elevated till 12th day, while all the other parameters returned to control levels by day 12. Plasma GPx declined significantly on days 3 (13.2%) and 12 (19.6%). These changes appear to be a part of the process when functions of 2 kidneys are taken over by a single kidney following unilateral nephrectomy.
