ABSTRACT
Extraction of pigments (chlorophylls and carotenoids) from marjoram (Origanum majorana L.) with supercritical carbon dioxide was investigated. The aim of this study was to map the effects of extraction pressure and temperature on the yield of coloring materials by applying a 3(2) full factorial design with three repeated tests in the center of the design. For comparison, laboratory and pilot plant Soxhlet extractions were carried out using ethanol and n-hexane solvents. The compositions of pigments in marjoram extracts were determined by HPLC. Similar amounts of carotenoids, in addition to 40% of chlorophylls and their derivatives, were recovered from the supercritical fluid extraction, in comparison to the ethanol Soxhlet extraction.
Subject(s)
Chromatography, Supercritical Fluid , Lamiaceae/chemistry , Pigments, Biological/isolation & purification , Carbon Dioxide , Carotenoids/analysis , Carotenoids/isolation & purification , Chlorophyll/analysis , Chlorophyll/isolation & purification , Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid , Pigments, Biological/analysisABSTRACT
Fusarium graminearum and F. tricinctum were grown on moistened corn and rice. After inoculation the substrates were exposed to gamma-irradiation and growth rate together with mycotoxin production were measured. A delay in mycelium growth and an increase in F-2 and T-2 toxin production occurred after irradiation with 1 and 3 kGy. The maximum F-2 production was 10.7 mg/kg on rice at 3 kGy, whereas T-2 was 735 micrograms/kg on rice at 3 kGy. At 9 kGy neither growth nor toxin production could be detected in any inoculated corn and rice substrate.
