ABSTRACT
OBJECTIVES: The ability of bacteria to produce biofilm and adhesion makes them more resistant to antibiotics. The current study aims to evaluate the biofilm formation by Staphylococcus aureus and to determine the prevalence of adhesion genes, also their correlation with drug resistance. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 96 MRSA were collected from hospitals of Iran's western provinces during 2012 to 2013. The presence of ica A, B, C, D, clfA, cna, fnbA, mecA genes were determined by PCR technique. Biofilm formation was studied by microtiter plate assay, the clonal relations of the strains were examined by SCCmec and Spa typing. RESULTS: The results demonstrated that 96 % of isolates were biofilm producers. The distributions of biofilm formation between isolates were 4.2%, 54.2%, 35.4% as high, moderate and weak, respectivelly. The highest biofilm production was observed from blood culture isolates. All virulent genes icaA,B, C, D, clfA, cna, fnbA were observed in moderate and weak biofilm formation isolates. Among high biofilm formation isolates, icaB and cna genes were not seen. Statistical analysis showed that there was a significant correlation between ica, fnbA and the biofilm production, but there was not a significant correlation between the type of samples and drug resistance, spa type and SCCmec type with biofilm production (P>0.05). Frequency of All virulent genes in type III SCCmec was higher than other types. CONCLUSION: The majority of MRSA isolates were biofilm producers and blood isolates ranked as the great biofilm producer. In these isolates ica D and fnbA genes are correlated with biofilm production.
ABSTRACT
Toxocariasis is the clinical terms applied to infection of human with ascarid nematodes in the order Ascaridida, named toxocara canis and toxocara cati. It is transmitted from dog and cat to humans. Accidental ingestion of parasite eggs causes ocular and visceral larva migrans in human. The aim of this study is to study epidemiology of toxocariasis in Iran using meta-analysis and systematic review. Using main key words of toxocariasis including epidemiology, Toxocara spp. Iran, dog and cat in databases such as SID, Google scholar, Pubmed, Magiran and Iranmedex, a number of 50 articles was extracted. A number of 27 articles of them were eligible for meta-analysis. Data extracted from articles and archived in excel software for analysis. Variance of each study obtained using binomial distribution. Heterogeny of studies surveyed using Cochrans Q test. Data analyzed using Random Effect Model test. Overall prevalence of toxocariasis obtained 21.6% in Iran. In total of 27 articles, 6911 samples including 1543 carnivores, (13 articles), 4569 human sera (10 articles) and 799 soil samples (4 articles) has been investigated. Seropositivity for human toxocariasis 15.8% (95%CI, 9.2-22.5), soil contamination for Txocara spp. eggs 21.6% (95%CI,-1.6-44.8) and dogs and cats infections with adult worm 26.8% (95%CI, 18.7-36.8) was obtained. Results of this study show that prevalence of toxocariasis has a growing trend in Iran. It could be decreased using education, culture making and giving information to people.
