The application of artificial intelligence in health financing: a scoping review.

INTRODUCTION: Artificial Intelligence (AI) represents a significant advancement in technology, and it is crucial for policymakers to incorporate AI thinking into policies and to fully explore, analyze and utilize massive data and conduct AI-related policies. AI has the potential to optimize healthcare financing systems. This study provides an overview of the AI application domains in healthcare financing. METHOD: We conducted a scoping review in six steps: formulating research questions, identifying relevant studies by conducting a comprehensive literature search using appropriate keywords, screening titles and abstracts for relevance, reviewing full texts of relevant articles, charting extracted data, and compiling and summarizing findings. Specifically, the research question sought to identify the applications of artificial intelligence in health financing supported by the published literature and explore potential future applications. PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science databases were searched between 2000 and 2023. RESULTS: We discovered that AI has a significant impact on various aspects of health financing, such as governance, revenue raising, pooling, and strategic purchasing. We provide evidence-based recommendations for establishing and improving the health financing system based on AI. CONCLUSIONS: To ensure that vulnerable groups face minimum challenges and benefit from improved health financing, we urge national and international institutions worldwide to use and adopt AI tools and applications.

Research agenda for using artificial intelligence in health governance: interpretive scoping review and framework.

BACKGROUND: The governance of health systems is complex in nature due to several intertwined and multi-dimensional factors contributing to it. Recent challenges of health systems reflect the need for innovative approaches that can minimize adverse consequences of policies. Hence, there is compelling evidence of a distinct outlook on the health ecosystem using artificial intelligence (AI). Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the roles of AI and its applications in health system governance through an interpretive scoping review of current evidence. METHOD: This study intended to offer a research agenda and framework for the applications of AI in health systems governance. To include shreds of evidence with a greater focus on the application of AI in health governance from different perspectives, we searched the published literature from 2000 to 2023 through PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science Databases. RESULTS: Our findings showed that integrating AI capabilities into health systems governance has the potential to influence three cardinal dimensions of health. These include social determinants of health, elements of governance, and health system tasks and goals. AI paves the way for strengthening the health system's governance through various aspects, i.e., intelligence innovations, flexible boundaries, multidimensional analysis, new insights, and cognition modifications to the health ecosystem area. CONCLUSION: AI is expected to be seen as a tool with new applications and capabilities, with the potential to change each component of governance in the health ecosystem, which can eventually help achieve health-related goals.

Health System Response to Refugees' and Migrants' Health in Iran: A Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, and Threats Analysis and Policy Recommendations.

Objective: Iran is one of the main hosts of Afghan refugees. This study aims to provide comprehensive evidence to increase Afghan migrants' access to healthcare services in Iran. Methods: To assess the health system's response to Afghan migrants in Iran, we conducted three phases for SWOT analysis, including: 1-developing a review and comprehensive analysis of documents, laws, and, programs, 2-conducting semi-structured interviews with policymakers and experts, and 3-mapping the results through the Levesque's conceptual framework for healthcare access. Results: We evaluated the response of the health system to Afghan migrants' health needs in three domains: 1-Approachability and ability to perceive migrants; 2-Ability to reach, engage, and availability and accommodation and appropriateness; 3-The ability to pay and affordability. For each of the three domains, we identified strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats, complemented with evidence-based suggestions to improve migrants' access to needed healthcare services. Conclusion: Given the rising trend of immigration and deteriorating financial crises, we recommend appropriate strategies for the adoption of specialized focus services, gateway services, and restricted services. Also simplifying financial procedures, and implementing innovative insurance mechanisms are essential.

Global school-based student health survey: country profiles and survey results in the eastern Mediterranean region countries.

BACKGROUND: The increasing prevalence of non-communicable diseases (NCDs) has some major implications on many countries to achieve universal health coverage. This study aimed to investigate the implementation of Global School-based Student Health Survey (GSHS), which is used to assess the risk factors of NCDs among children and adolescents in the eastern Mediterranean region (EMR). METHODS: This study was a meta-analysis and systematic literature review of 2001-2018 published studies, which were found by searching PubMed, Google Scholar, WHO, and CDC databases. In this study, the target group was students aged between 13 and 17 years old. GSHS implementation as well as risk factors of NCDs were compared across different countries. The random-effect model for meta-analysis was considered at 95% confidence interval. RESULT: In the EMR, 19 countries have implemented GSHS at least once following the survey manual (37 surveys). Overall, 201,795 students were included in our analysis. The overall estimation prevalence rateof the overweight was 24.5% (20.6-28.8), obesity was 7.3% (5.4-9.5), insufficient physical activity was 82.4% (80.7-84.1), tobacco usage was 14.3% (10.53-18.67), and smoking was 9.6% (8.1-11.3), respectively. Among those aged 13 to 17 years old, these rates were estimated as 19.8 (13.2-27.3), 9.7 (6.2-14.0), 86.1 (84.1-87.9), 17.8 (11.8-24.7), and 11.5 (9.4-13.8), respectively. CONCLUSION: GSHS has been widely implemented across EMR countries. Using nationally representative data, the results show that more efforts are needed to target the NCDs risk factors among adolescents in the region.

Colonoscopy Complications in an Iranian Teaching Hospital.

BACKGROUND: Colonoscopy is generally a safe procedure with a limited number of adverse events. Few studies have addressed the rate of adverse events in teaching hospitals. This study aimed to investigate the rate of complications after colonoscopy performed by gastroenterology fellows in a teaching hospital in Tehran. METHODS: A historical cohort study was carried out to link the colonoscopy reports and the hospital information system to identify serious adverse events leading to unplanned hospitalization, unplanned procedures or interventions (e.g. surgery), prolongation of existing hospitalization, or death within 30 days after colonoscopy. RESULTS: We included 9928 colonoscopies (mean age of the patients 53.0±15.9 years, 52.3% men) in this study. In-hospital patients comprised (34.8%) of the procedures. The indications of colonoscopy included 7137 diagnostic (71.9%), and 2519 screening (25.4%) reasons. Colorectal polyps were found in 2005 (20.2%) patients. Major complications were seen in 17 patients (0.2%), including serious bleeding in seven patients, cardiopulmonary complications in five patients, perforation in four patients, and sepsis in one patient. CONCLUSION: Serious adverse events after colonoscopy are relatively rare. The rate of complications does not appear to be higher in an academic teaching hospital when performed by fellows under supervision.

Anti-inflammatory effects of GLP-1 in patients with COVID-19.

INTRODUCTION: Understanding the pathogenesis and risk factors to control the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is necessary. Due to the importance of the inflammatory pathways in the pathogenesis of COVID-19 patients, evaluating the effects of anti-inflammatory medications is important. Glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor agonist (GLP-1 RA) is awell-known glucose-lowering agent with anti-inflammatory effects. AREAS COVERED: Resources were extracted from the PubMed database, using keywords such as glucagon-like peptide-1, GLP-1 RA, SARS-CoV-2, COVID-19, inflammation, in April2021. In this review, the effects of GLP-1RA in reducing inflammation and modifying risk factors of COVID-19 severe complications are discussed. However, GLP-1 is degraded by DPP-4 with aplasma half-life of about 2-5 minutes, which makes it difficult to measure GLP-1 plasma level in clinical settings. EXPERT OPINION: Since no definitive treatment is available for COVID-19 so far, determining promising targets to design and/or repurpose effective medications is necessary.