C2238/αANP modulates apolipoprotein E through Egr-1/miR199a in vascular smooth muscle cells in vitro.

Subjects carrying the T2238C ANP gene variant have a higher risk to suffer a stroke or myocardial infarction. The mechanisms through which T2238C/αANP exerts detrimental vascular effects need to be fully clarified. In the present work we aimed at exploring the impact of C2238/αANP (mutant form) on atherosclerosis-related pathways. As a first step, an atherosclerosis gene expression macroarray analysis was performed in vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) exposed to either T2238/αANP (wild type) or C2238/αANP. The major finding was that apolipoprotein E (ApoE) gene expression was significantly downregulated by C2238/αANP and it was upregulated by T2238/αANP. We subsequently found that C2238/αANP induces ApoE downregulation through type C natriuretic peptide receptor (NPR-C)-dependent mechanisms involving the upregulation of miR199a-3p and miR199a-5p and the downregulation of DNAJA4. In fact, NPR-C knockdown rescued ApoE level. Upregulation of miR199a by NPR-C was mediated by a reactive oxygen species-dependent increase of the early growth response protein-1 (Egr-1) transcription factor. In fact, Egr-1 knockdown abolished the impact of C2238/αANP on ApoE and miR199a. Of note, downregulation of ApoE by C2238/αANP was associated with a significant increase in inflammation, apoptosis and necrosis that was completely rescued by the exogenous administration of recombinant ApoE. In conclusion, our study dissected a novel mechanism of vascular damage exerted by C2238/αANP that is mediated by ApoE downregulation. We provide the first demonstration that C2238/αANP downregulates ApoE in VSMCs through NPR-C-dependent activation of Egr-1 and the consequent upregulation of miR199a. Restoring ApoE levels could represent a potential therapeutic strategy to counteract the harmful effects of C2238/αANP.

Correlation between O6-methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase and survival in elderly patients with glioblastoma treated with radiotherapy plus concomitant and adjuvant temozolomide.

Epigenetic silencing of the O(6)-methylguanine-DNA-methyltransferase (MGMT) gene by promoter methylation is correlated with improved progression-free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS) in adult patients with newly diagnosed glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) who receive alkylating agents. The aim of this study is to determine the correlation between MGMT and survival in elderly patients with GBM treated with radiotherapy (RT) and temozolomide (TMZ). Eighty-three patients aged 70 years or older with histologically confirmed GBM treated with RT plus TMZ between February 2005 and September 2009 were investigated in this study. The methylation status of the MGMT promoter was determined by polymerase chain reaction analysis. Median PFS and OS were 7.5 and 12.8 months, respectively. The MGMT promoter was methylated in 42 patients (50.6%) and unmethylated in 41 patients (49.4%). Median OS was 15.3 months in methylated patients and 10.2 months in unmethylated patients (P = 0.0001). Median PFS was 10.5 months in methylated tumors and 5.5 months in unmethylated tumors (P = 0.0001). On multivariate analysis MGMT methylation status emerged as the strongest independent prognostic factor for OS and PFS (P = 0.004 and P = 0.005, respectively). The results of the present study suggest that MGMT methylation status might be an important prognostic factor associated with better OS and PFS in elderly patients with GBM treated with RT and TMZ.

Papillary carcinoma of the thyroid: low expression of NCAM (CD56) is associated with downregulation of VEGF-D production by tumour cells.

The expression of NCAM was investigated in tissue sections of 61 cases of papillary carcinoma and in 14 lymph node metastases using immunohistochemistry. Tumour cells of 18 primary tumours were not stained, whereas in the remaining 43 cases, NCAM was expressed in less than 5% tumour cells. Similar results were obtained when NCAM expression was evaluated at the RNA level. Reduced expression of NCAM is an early event since 6/15 cases (40%) of micro-carcinoma were NCAM-negative. NCAM-positive tumour cells were more often located at the invasion front of the tumour. It has been reported that NCAM expression may affect lymphangiogenesis. In tissue sections immunostained for podoplanin, it was found that lymphatic vessels were extremely rare inside the body of the tumour, and were mostly associated with foci of chronic inflammation and/or of reparative fibrosis. Lymphangiogenesis is sustained by VEGF-C, VEGF-D, and FGF2. Analysis of micro-dissected samples of the tumour and of the paired normal thyroid tissue revealed that RNA transcripts for VEGF-D were significantly less numerous in the tumour tissue (p = 0.001). The potential role of NCAM in tumour cell biology was investigated by silencing the NCAM gene in the TPC1 thyroid papillary carcinoma cell line. It was found that NCAM down-regulation caused a significant reduction (p < 0.05) in the expression of both VEGF-C and VEGF-D mRNAs. In addition, NCAM-silenced TPC-1 cells were more adhesive to different extracellular matrix components, and were less efficient in cell migration (59% reduction; p < 0.05) and invasiveness (68% reduction). These latter results confirm that modifications of NCAM expression cause profound alterations in the adhesive and migratory properties of tumour cells, but are in apparent discrepancy with the observation that loss of NCAM is usually associated with increased tumour invasiveness in vivo.

Expression of autoimmune regulator gene (AIRE) and T regulatory cells in human thymomas.

Expression of the autoimmune regulator gene (AIRE) and the presence of CD25(+)/forkhead box p3 (FoxP3)(+) T regulatory (T(reg)) cells were investigated in histologically normal adult thymi and in thymomas using immunohistochemistry and quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR). In the normal thymus staining for AIRE was detected in the nucleus of some epithelial-like cells located in the medulla; in thymomas AIRE-positive cells were extremely rare and could be detected only in the areas of medullary differentiation of two B1 type, organoid thymomas. RNA was extracted from 36 cases of thymoma and 21 non-neoplastic thymi obtained from 11 myasthenic (MG(+)) and 10 non-myasthenic (MG(-)) patients. It was found that AIRE is 8.5-fold more expressed in non-neoplastic thymi than in thymomas (P = 0.01), and that the amount of AIRE transcripts present in the thymoma tissue are not influenced by the association with MG, nor by the histological type. A possible involvement of AIRE in the development of MG was suggested by the observation that medullary thymic epithelial cells isolated from AIRE-deficient mice contain low levels of RNA transcripts for CHRNA 1, a gene coding for acetylcholine receptor. Expression of human CHRNA 1 RNA was investigated in 34 human thymomas obtained from 20 MG(-) patients and 14 MG(+) patients. No significant difference was found in the two groups (thymoma MG(+), CHRNA1 = 0.013 +/- 0.03; thymoma MG-, CHRNA1 = 0.01 +/- 0.03). In normal and hyperplastic thymi CD25(+)/Foxp3(+) cells were located mainly in the medulla, and their number was not influenced by the presence of MG. Foxp3(+) and CD25(+) cells were significantly less numerous in thymomas. A quantitative estimate of T(reg) cells revealed that the levels of Foxp3 RNA detected in non-neoplastic thymi were significantly higher (P = 0.02) than those observed in 31 cases of thymomas. Our findings indicate that the tissue microenvironment of thymomas is defective in the expression of relevant functions that exert a crucial role in the negative selection of autoreactive lymphocytes.

Morphological and molecular assessment of apoptotic mechanisms in peripheral neuroblastic tumours.

Multiple defects in apoptotic pathways have been described in peripheral neuroblastic tumours (NTs). Mitosis-karyorrhexis index (MKI) is a reliable morphological marker identifying favourable and unfavourable NTs. The extent to which apoptotic processes contribute to determine the clinical significance of MKI is still undefined. Apoptosis was investigated in a series of 110 peripheral NTs by comparing MKI to immunohistochemical and molecular apoptotic features. High MKI was found in 55 out of 110 NTs (50%) and was associated with advanced stage (P = 0.007), neuroblastoma (NB) histological category (P = 0.024), MYCN amplification (P < 0.001), and poor outcome (P = 0.011). Overall survival probability was 45% in patients with high MKI compared to 73% in patients with low MKI. In the same 110 NTs, the expression of Bcl-2, Bcl-XL, Bax and Mcl-1 was studied by immunohistochemistry, but no significant associations were found with clinicohistological features. Microarray analysis of apoptotic genes was performed in 40 out of 110 representative tumours. No significant association was found between the expression of apoptotic genes and MKI or clinicohistological features. Proliferative activity was assessed in 60 out of 110 representative tumours using Ki67 immunostaining, but no significant correlations with MKI or clinicobiological features were found. In NTs, the combination of apoptosis and proliferation as expressed by MKI is a significant prognostic parameter, although neither of them is per se indicative of the clinicobiological behaviour and outcome.

Papillary carcinoma of the thyroid: methylation is not involved in the regulation of MET expression.

Hypomethylation has been reported to be responsible for the activation of several oncogenes. The possibility that hypomethylation is involved in the regulation of MET transcription was investigated through the analysis of the methylation status of one CpG island containing 43 CpGs in six cases of papillary carcinoma, in the corresponding normal thyroid tissue, and in two cases of hyperplastic goitre. Evidence of methylation was not found in any of the analysed CpG.

Met protein and hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) in papillary carcinoma of the thyroid: evidence for a pathogenetic role in tumourigenesis.

In the last 10 years, evidence has accumulated that overexpression of Met protein is a distinguishing feature of almost every case of well-differentiated papillary carcinoma. Increased expression of the protein is probably due to enhanced transcription of the MET gene and/or to post-transcriptional mechanisms. So far, alterations of the MET gene have not been recognized, but evidence has been provided that activated RAS and RET can cause accumulation of MET RNA. Thus, the possibility exists that dysregulation of MET is the final result of different molecular pathways capable of inducing thyroid cell transformation; RET rearrangements might account for some of the cases, but the demonstration that the majority of papillary carcinomas do not have recognized alterations of the RET gene strongly suggests that MET gene dysregulation can also be achieved through other molecular pathways. Dysregulation of MET causes marked accumulation of Met protein in tumour cells that is promptly detected by immunohistochemistry. Thus, overexpression of Met protein might represent an immunohistochemical marker of papillary carcinoma, potentially helpful in problematic cases, but caution is required; moderate expression of Met protein is observed in non-neoplastic thyroid diseases, such as Graves' and Hashimoto's thyroiditis, and reagents active on paraffin sections may have a low affinity and/or low specificity for Met protein, leading to artifactual staining. Met protein-positive papillary carcinoma cells may produce hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) and may activate HGF through the urokinase-type plasminogen activator (uPA) bound to urokinase-type plasminogen activator receptor (uPA-R). Thus, papillary carcinoma cells possess the molecular machinery necessary for a productive HGF/Met interaction. In vitro studies have demonstrated that HGF enhances the motility and invasiveness of tumour cells and induces the synthesis and release of chemokines active in the recruitment of dendritic cells. These observations provide a rational basis for the understanding of two distinguishing features of papillary carcinoma. First, the tumour is often characterized by early metastatic spread to regional lymph nodes and by multifocal involvement of the gland, which suggests highly invasive behaviour. Second, a prominent peritumoural inflammatory reaction is often observed, which suggests cross-talk between tumour cells and the immune system.

Papillary carcinoma of the thyroid: hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) stimulates tumor cells to release chemokines active in recruiting dendritic cells.

Tissue distribution of dendritic cells was investigated in eight cases of papillary carcinoma of the thyroid using immunohistochemistry. Most dendritic cells had an immature phenotype (CD1a++, CD11c+, CD40+, CD86-, HLA-DR-) and were located at the invasion edge of the tumor. This pattern of distribution was profoundly different from that of CD68+ macrophages, which were evenly distributed throughout the tumor. The ability of tumor cells to release chemotactic factors active on dendritic cells was investigated in primary cultures of the same cases of papillary carcinoma, and was compared to that of the corresponding normal thyroid cells obtained from the tumor-free contralateral lobe. Chemotactic activity of culture supernatants was tested against dendritic cells in a chemotaxis chamber. It was found that papillary carcinoma cells were active in releasing chemotactic activity, that hepatocyte growth factor (HGF; 100 ng/ml) or interleukin (IL)-1beta (10(3) U/ml) induced a fourfold increase in the amount of chemotactic activity released, and that normal thyroid cells obtained from the same patients were as effective as tumor cells. Characterization of chemokines at RNA level revealed that unstimulated cells contain large amounts of IL-8 and monocyte chemotactic protein (MCP)-1 RNAs, and that stimulation with HGF or IL-1beta induced RNAs for regulated upon activation normal T expressed and secreted (RANTES), macrophage inflammatory protein (MIP)-3alpha, interferon-gamma-inducible protein 10 (IP-10), and, to a lesser extent, MIP-1alpha and MIP-1beta. The possibility that HGF/Met interaction has a biological role in vivo was investigated in serial sections of six tumors immunostained for CD1a+, Met protein, and HGF. It was found that all six tumors were intensely and diffusely positive for Met protein, that HGF staining was present in tumor cells of the advancing edge, and that HGF+/Met+ tumor cell nests were infiltrated by CD1a+ dendritic cells. The foregoing observations are consistent with the possibility that HGF stimulation of Met+ tumor cells is one of the molecular mechanisms involved in the recruitment of dendritic cells.

Expression of EDA/EDB isoforms of fibronectin in papillary carcinoma of the thyroid.

Cellular fibronectins containing the extracellular domain A or B (EDA and EDB) are particularly abundant in fetal and neoplastic tissues. The presence of EDA and EDB was investigated in 28 cases of papillary carcinoma of the thyroid using IST-9 and BC-1 monoclonal antibodies. Immunostaining for EDA and EDB was detected in tumour stroma, in tumour basement membranes, and in tumour blood vessels. EDA was present in 27 of the 28 cases, in 20 of which more than 75 per cent of the tumour stroma was stained. Immunostaining for EDB was detected in 23 of the 28 cases and was less pronounced than that for EDA, being present in less than 25 per cent of the tumour stroma in most cases. Reactivity for EDA/EDB was not observed in the adjacent normal thyroid in any of the cases investigated. In a group of 20 non-papillary tumours, immunostaining for EDA was present in the stroma of three follicular carcinomas (one minimally and two widely invasive), one medullary carcinoma, and 5 of 16 follicular adenomas; expression of EDB was more restricted, being present in only the two cases of widely invasive follicular carcinoma. The presence of EDA and EDB was not correlated with the extent of fibrosis or the degree of tumour cell differentiation. Immunoreactivity was already present in microcarcinomas. These observations raise the possibility that the production of oncofetal fibronectins is an important step in papillary carcinoma tumourigenesis, perhaps facilitating adhesion and spreading of tumour cells.

Hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) stimulates tumour invasiveness in papillary carcinoma of the thyroid.

The present study has investigated the functional role of the Met receptor in primary cultures of 20 papillary carcinomas and of normal thyroid cells obtained from the same patients. Normal and tumour cells grew as adherent cells, formed a confluent monolayer after 10-20 days, had epithelial morphology, and were immunoreactive for cytokeratin, vimentin, and thyroglobulin. The potential effect of hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) on cell invasiveness was investigated in Boyden chambers, using a nucleopore filter coated with Matrigel as the barrier and HGF as the chemoattractant. Tumour cells of five out of seven cases of papillary carcinoma were more responsive to HGF than the corresponding normal cells in terms of the number of migrated cells per mm(2). Involvement of the Met receptor in the HGF-induced migratory response was suggested by the observation that the agonistic anti-Met monoclonal antibody (MAb) DO-24 was equally effective. HGF did not affect the proliferative activity of thyroid cells. Under the same experimental conditions, 10 per cent fetal bovine serum (FBS) induced a two-fold increase in [(3)H]thymidine incorporation into normal cells and tumour cells. These findings are consistent with the possibility that HGF plays a crucial role in determining the invasiveness of tumour cells in papillary carcinoma of the thyroid.

A rapid method of Sertoli cell isolation by DSA lectin, allowing mitotic analyses.

We have developed a rapid and convenient method of Sertoli cell preparation for studying the growth kinetics of these cells in in vitro culture. Datura Stramonium agglutinin (DSA)-coated dishes were used to rapidly purify single Sertoli cells from immature rat testis. We have monitored by immunohistochemical markers the degree of contamination of our Sertoli cell preparation by other cell types. The cell preparation is essentially free of germ cells and interstitial cells and contains a minimal percentage of myoid cells. Sertoli cells isolated with this method retain functional activities such as the FSH responsiveness in terms of cAMP production. In addition, we have studied the proliferative activity of Sertoli cells isolated by lectin binding from rats of different ages. Sertoli cells exhibited a characteristic pattern of proliferation which was a function of the donor animal age. The proliferative activity of isolated Sertoli cells decreased with age, being much higher in 3 day-old rats than in older animals. A similar pattern was observed when the mitotic activity of Sertoli cells in response to mitogens present in the testicular extracts from 5 day-old rats was evaluated. The method described here reduces or eliminates many of the drawbacks of the conventional procedures used to isolate Sertoli cells, thus providing a useful tool in studies of growth kinetics and regulation of cell proliferation in vitro.

Recombinant CTFR detection in CF tracheal epithelial cells following in vitro liposomeme-mediated gene transfer.

The efficacy of CFTR gene transfer mediated by cationic liposomes Dc-Chol/DOPE into cystic fibrosis (CF) tracheal epithelial cells carrying defective processing mutations (S549N/N1303K), was assessed by studying mRNA and protein expression of the recombinant product. Appreciable levels of mRNA transcripts were detected 48 h after transfection, while complete translocation of the recombinant CFTR to the apical membrane of epithelial cells was observed after 72 h following transfection. Our results suggest that in vitro restoration of a normal CFTR processing and migration to the cell plasmalemma requires 72 h at least as demonstrated by immunocyto-fluorescence using the monoclonal antibody MATG 1016. These findings are relevant onto gene transfer phase I clinical studies.