ABSTRACT
We conducted a randomized controlled trial to assess the effectiveness of social skills training (SST) in improving negative symptoms in patients with treatment-resistant schizophrenia with predominantly negative symptoms. Patients were randomized to receive SST (n = 29) or to a control group (n = 33), in a 20-week program with weekly group sessions. Patients were assessed at baseline, post-treatment (20 weeks) and 6-month follow-up with the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale. There was no significant improvement in the negative symptoms in either group, at any timepoint. Caution is warranted to interpret the results due to small sample size.
Subject(s)
Cognitive Behavioral Therapy/methods , Schizophrenia/diagnosis , Schizophrenia/therapy , Schizophrenic Psychology , Social Skills , Adult , Female , Follow-Up Studies , Humans , Male , Middle Aged , Single-Blind Method , Treatment OutcomeABSTRACT
Abstract Background Social dysfunction is an important outcome for schizophrenia and can be measured by the evaluation of social skills. Objectives To compare social skills in patients with schizophrenia classified according the degree of treatment response and severity of psychopathology with normative controls by using the Del Prette Social Skills Inventory (SSI). Methods Cross-sectional study where the 38 questions SSI was applied to 62 outpatients with schizophrenia and compared with data of 99 normal controls from the general population. The SSI was evaluated by five domains. Psychopathology was measured by the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS). Patients were classified as Treatment Resistant (TRS) and Non Treatment Resistant (NTRS) by the International Psychopharmacology Algorithm Project (IPAP) criteria. ANCOVA was used to control for demographic differences between populations. Results Patients showed significantly more impaired than controls except for aggressiveness control. When variables such as age, age of onset, schooling or medication dose entered as covariates, differences between controls and patients, or TRS with NTRS, almost disappeared. The SSI and PANSS showed an inverse relationship between their domains. Discussion The SSI may represent a useful tool for evaluation of social skills in schizophrenia. Antipsychotics may exert a protective effect on social skills.
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Psychopathology , Schizophrenia , Social SkillsABSTRACT
A terapia analítico-comportamental de uma mulher de 35 anos, cujo caso foi anteriormente publicado estritamente em termos de seus aspectos psiquiátricos, é agora abordada com relação aos determinantes encontrados na história de vida da fobia de deglutição e de outras respostas da mesma classe funcional, todas envolvendo a esquiva experiencial. A psicoeducação envolveu uma detalhada análise funcional da fobia de deglutição e dos problemas de relacionamento, correlacionando numa única perspectiva ambos os fenômenos. A teoria dos quadros relacionais oferece uma possível explicação para o fato de que a cliente promoveu uma extensa e progressiva mudança no padrão alimentar e no relacionamento com pessoas significativas, após unicamente uma série de sessões de exposição gradual, com a presença do terapeuta, a diferentes grupos de alimentos, num delineamento de linha de base múltipla.
The behavior-analytic therapy of choking phobia in a 35 yrs-old woman, a case previously published focusing strictly on its psychiatric aspects, is now presented concerning specific life history determinants of both choking phobia and other responses of the same functional class, all of them involving experiential avoidance. Psychoeducation included detailed functional analysis of choking phobia and relationship problems, correlating both set of phenomena under a single perspective. By means of therapist-assisted graded exposure sessions to different sets of foods, according to a multiple baseline design, the fear subsided and ingesta returned to normal levels. In parallel, significant changes occurred in relationship patterns. Relational frame theory provides a possible explanation to the fact that the client promoted extensive and progressive changes in her eating pattern and relationship with significant others.
Subject(s)
Humans , Female , Adult , Behavior Therapy , Deglutition , Interpersonal Relations , Phobic Disorders/psychologyABSTRACT
A terapia analítico-comportamental de uma mulher de 35 anos, cujo caso foi anteriormente publicado estritamente em termos de seus aspectos psiquiátricos, é agora abordada com relação aos determinantes encontrados na história de vida da fobia de deglutição e de outras respostas da mesma classe funcional, todas envolvendo a esquiva experiencial. A psicoeducação envolveu uma detalhada análise funcional da fobia de deglutição e dos problemas de relacionamento, correlacionando numa única perspectiva ambos os fenômenos. A teoria dos quadros relacionais oferece uma possível explicação para o fato de que a cliente promoveu uma extensa e progressiva mudança no padrão alimentar e no relacionamento com pessoas significativas, após unicamente uma série de sessões de exposição gradual, com a presença do terapeuta, a diferentes grupos de alimentos, num delineamento de linha de base múltipla.(AU)
The behavior-analytic therapy of choking phobia in a 35 yrs-old woman, a case previously published focusing strictly on its psychiatric aspects, is now presented concerning specific life history determinants of both choking phobia and other responses of the same functional class, all of them involving experiential avoidance. Psychoeducation included detailed functional analysis of choking phobia and relationship problems, correlating both set of phenomena under a single perspective. By means of therapist-assisted graded exposure sessions to different sets of foods, according to a multiple baseline design, the fear subsided and ingesta returned to normal levels. In parallel, significant changes occurred in relationship patterns. Relational frame theory provides a possible explanation to the fact that the client promoted extensive and progressive changes in her eating pattern and relationship with significant others.(AU)
Subject(s)
Humans , Female , Adult , Phobic Disorders/psychology , Deglutition , Interpersonal Relations , Behavior TherapyABSTRACT
The use of cognitive-behavior therapy (CBT) in addition to antipsychotic regimen to treat persistent psychotic symptoms of schizophrenia is growing. The aim of this study was to compare the efficacy of CBT to a befriending (BF) control group in patients with schizophrenia who are refractory to clozapine. Twenty-one patients completed the 21-week trial. In comparison with the control group, the CBT group showed a significant improvement in the General Psychopathology and total score of the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale, as well as an improvement of Quality of Life scale. The improvement in psychopathology persisted at 6-month follow-up assessment.
Subject(s)
Clozapine/therapeutic use , Cognitive Behavioral Therapy/methods , Schizophrenia/drug therapy , Schizophrenic Psychology , Adult , Drug Resistance , Follow-Up Studies , Humans , Middle Aged , Young AdultABSTRACT
OBJECTIVE: A phobic behavior pattern is learned by classical and operant conditioning mechanisms. The present article reviews the main determinants of choking phobia etiology and describes the behavior therapy of an adult patient. METHOD: Psychoeducation, functional analysis, and graded exposure to aversive stimuli were used to treat the patient, after extensive psychiatric and psychological assessment. Ingesta and anxiety levels were measured along treatment and at follow-up. RESULTS: A multiple assessment baseline design was used to demonstrate the complete remission of symptoms after seven sessions, each of them exposing the patient to a different group of foods. CONCLUSION: Psychoeducation and exposure were critical components of a successful choking phobia treatment.
Subject(s)
Airway Obstruction/psychology , Behavior Therapy/methods , Deglutition Disorders/psychology , Phobic Disorders/therapy , Adult , Behavior Therapy/standards , Deglutition Disorders/etiology , Female , Humans , Patient Compliance , Phobic Disorders/complications , Remission Induction , Treatment OutcomeABSTRACT
OBJECTIVE: A phobic behavior pattern is learned by classical and operant conditioning mechanisms. The present article reviews the main determinants of choking phobia etiology and describes the behavior therapy of an adult patient. METHOD: Psychoeducation, functional analysis, and graded exposure to aversive stimuli were used to treat the patient, after extensive psychiatric and psychological assessment. Ingesta and anxiety levels were measured along treatment and at follow-up. RESULTS: A multiple assessment baseline design was used to demonstrate the complete remission of symptoms after seven sessions, each of them exposing the patient to a different group of foods. CONCLUSION: Psychoeducation and exposure were critical components of a successful choking phobia treatment.
OBJETIVO: O padrão comportamental da fobia é adquirido com base no condicionamento clássico e mecanismos operantes de aprendizagem. Este artigo faz uma revisão dos principais determinantes da etiologia da fobia de deglutição e descreve o tratamento da terapia comportamental em uma paciente adulta. MÉTODO: Foram usadas psicoeducação, análise funcional e gradativa exposição a estímulos aversivos no tratamento da paciente, depois de uma extensiva avaliação psiquiátrica e psicológica. Níveis de ingesta e ansiedade foram medidos ao longo de todo o tratamento e no follow-up. RESULTADOS: Para demonstrar a completa remissão dos sintomas, após sete sessões de exposição a diferentes grupos de alimentos foi usado um delineamento de linha de base de avaliações múltiplas. CONCLUSÃO: Terapia de exposição e psicoeducação foram componentes que contribuíram de modo crítico para a obtenção de resultados positivos ao tratamento.
