[The origin of a differentiated neuropsychopharmacotherapy for children and adolescents: an analysis of psycho- and neuropharmacology in the 1940s and 50s]. / Die Anfänge einer differenzierten Neuropsychopharmakotherapie bei Kindern und Jugendlichen. Untersuchung zur Psycho- und Neuropharmakologie in den 40er und 50er Jahren des vorigen Jahrhunderts.

Objective: The origin of a differentiated approach to neuropsychopharmacotherapy in children and adolescents can be traced back to the 1940s and 50s. Certain clinical disorders in the range of psychiatry and neurology were treated with a multiplicity of substances. Method: We conducted an exclusive screening of 700 medical records of patients under 18 years of age from a psychiatric university hospital in Jena (from 1942­1945) and 89 files of children who attended Trüper's approved school in Jena between 1946 and 1954. Results: Differentiated therapies were administered for ailments such as acute anxiety states, erethism, hyperkinetic syndrome, enuresis, migraine, sleep disturbance, epilepsy, Sydenham's chorea, spasticity, neuralgia, neuritis, dizziness, pain syndrome, tetany, and syphilis. Conclusions: Interventions for mental disorders were relatively unspecific before the development of neuroleptic and antidepressant agents. During this time, multitudes of treatments were implemented for neurovegetative disorders, psychoneuroses, and different kinds of psychopathies. Barbiturates were administered in both pure and mixed forms. Additionally, since mental disorders were frequently caused by physical disorders, they could be eliminated or improved by the use of chemotherapeutics. Other somatic therapies like convulsive shock treatment with camphor and cardiazol, malaria treatments, hypoglycemic shock therapy, and electroconvulsive treatment have been applied in patients with schizophrenia.

[Johannes Trüper--mediator between child and adolescent psychiatry and pedagogy]. / Johannes Trüper--Mittler zwischen Kinderpsychiatrie und Pädagogik.

OBJECTIVE: The development of the child and adolescent psychiatry as an independent speciality is not only a result of sub-specialisation within medicine or psychiatry but also a result of interaction with pedagogy, psychology, and philosophy. Within this framework, pedagogy (and more specifically orthopedagogy) has played an essential scientific role. This will be demonstrated by the work of Johannes Trüper. METHODS: A short description of his life and an evaluation of his scientific work is presented based on earlier publications and archive studies. RESULTS: Trüper founded a famous approved school on Sophienhöhe close to Jena in 1892 and was a co-founder of "Die Kinderfehler" (1896), one of the leading journals for research in pedagogy and child psychiatry in its time. The psychiatrist and philosopher Theodor Ziehen regarded as one of the pioneers of child psychiatry, gained practical child psychiatric experience as a consultant liaison psychiatrist at the approved school which was run by Johannes Trüper. Wilhelm Strohmayer, another psychiatrist from Jena, also belongs to the founding fathers of child psychiatry in Germany with his book "Vorlesungen uber die Psychopathologie des Kindesalters für Mediziner und Pädagogen" (1910) which is based on his consultant work on Sophienhöhe. CONCLUSION: The close and direct collaboration between psychiatry and pedagogy, which lead to an early development of child psychiatry as a speciality in Jena, can be regarded as a particularity in the scientific development.