Bidirectional reflectance measurement of tungsten samples to assess reflection model in WEST tokamak.

This paper presents the measurement of the bidirectional reflectance distribution function of tungsten (W) samples and the resulting reflection models in the nuclear fusion device WEST (tokamak). For this, an experimental gonio-spectrophotometer was developed to fully characterize the material's optical and thermal-radiative properties of metallic samples with different roughnesses. Ray-tracing photonic simulation was then carried out to predict the photon behavior in a fully metallic environment as a function of reflectance measurement. Low emissivity (0.1 at 4 µm) and highly specular reflectance (fitting with a Gaussian distribution around the specular direction with a small width lower than 10°) are found for W samples. These measurements have been used as input for the photonic simulation, and the resulting synthetic image reproduced the reflection features well on the upper divertor, detected in WEST infrared experimental images.

The analytical relations between particles and probe trajectories in atomic force microscope nanomanipulation.

Analytical expressions relating the trajectories of spherical nanoparticles pushed by an atomic force microscope tip to the scan pattern of the tip are derived. In the case of a raster scan path, the particles are deflected in a direction defined by the geometries of tip and particles and the spacing b between consecutive scan lines. In the case of a zigzag scan path, the particles are deflected in a range of directions around 90 degrees, also depending on the parameter b. Experimental results on gold nanoparticles manipulated on silicon surfaces in ambient conditions confirm the predictions of our model.

[The Zurich prospective dementia study 1987-1993]. / Die Zürcher Prospektive Demenzstudie 1987-1993.

1987-1993 the Zurich prospective dementia study examined twice yearly 308 nursing-home patients: 192 with senile dementia of Alzheimer-type, 18 with Parkinsonism, 20 with Parkinson dementia and 78 controls, with the Zurich variant of the mini-mental state and rated their dementia state by CDR, activities of daily living with ADL and social behavior with an SVS-scale. At the end of the study or at death the average age was 86.2 years (range 63-103 and 159 autopsies were performed which confirmed the clinical diagnoses at least partly in 70%. Of the 62 cases with autopsies who had been studied more than two years 25 showed M.Alzheimer, 8 M, Parkinson, 7 vascular dementia and 13 a combination of those three diagnoses 40% of these Alzheimer patients exhibited no deterioration in the SVS for two years, 40% respectively 30% during one, resp. two years in the CDR, 20% resp. 40% in the ADL and 23% resp. 5% in the MMS. This demonstrates that good nursing-home care can stabilize behaviour and to a lesser extent even cognitive abilities of a large minority of patients with a pathologically confirmed progressive dementing illness.

In vitro cultivation of bloodstream forms of Trypanosoma brucei, T. rhodesiense, and T. gambiense.

A series of new in vitro systems for the cultivation of bloodstream forms of Trypanosoma (Trypanozoon) brucei brucei, T. (T.) b. rhodesiense, and T. (T.) b. gambiense was developed. The standard system consists of a feeder layer of fibroblast-like cells derived from embryos of New Zealand White rabbits (REF( or a mountain vole, Microtus montanus (MEF), with HEPES-buffered Minimum Essential Medium (MEM), with Earle's salts, supplemented with 15% inactivated rabbit serum. These two and other feeder layers were cross-checked with different sera to test for growth support of bloodstream forms of the three trypanosome subspecies studied. Cultures could be initiated with bloodstream forms from mammalian hosts or from cryopreserved stabilates. Metacyclic forms from infected Glossina m. morsitans could also be sued as inoculum; they transformed within 6 h to bloodstream forms. Maintenance of cultures and growth properties are described in detail. Experiments were undertaken to confirm that the cultivated bloodstream forms still possess some fo the characteristic features of pleomorphic bloodstream populations. Cultivated bloodstream forms were always infective for mice, and a surface coat could be demonstrated by electron microscopy. They could also be cyclically transmitted through tsetse flies, and the metacyclic forms from these flies could be brought back into culture. In vitro cloning with single bloodstream forms and metacyclic forms could be achieve with high cloning efficiency. The consumption of glucose and the production of pyruvate and lactate were determined.