Correction: Spatial variation and antecedent sea surface temperature conditions influence Hawaiian intertidal community structure.

[This corrects the article DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0286136.].

Spatial variation and antecedent sea surface temperature conditions influence Hawaiian intertidal community structure.

Global sea surface temperatures (SSTs) are increasing, and in Hawai'i, rates of ocean warming are projected to double by the end of the 21st century. However, current nearshore warming trends and their possible impacts on intertidal communities are not well understood. This study represents the first investigation into the possible effects of rising SST on intertidal algal and invertebrate communities across the Main Hawaiian Islands (MHI). By utilizing citizen-science data coupled with high-resolution, daily SST satellite measurements from 12 intertidal sites across the MHI from 2004-2019, the response of intertidal algal and invertebrate abundance and community diversity to changes in SST was investigated across multiple spatial scales. Results show high rates of SST warming (0.40°C Decade-1) over this study's timeframe, similar to predicted rates of warming for Hawai'i by the end of the 21st century. Changes in abundance and diversity in response to SST were variable among intertidal sites, but differences in antecedent SST among intertidal sites were significantly associated with community dissimilarity. In addition, a statistically significant positive relationship was found between SST and Simpson's diversity index, and a significant relationship was also found between SST and the abundance of six dominant taxa. For five of these six dominant taxa, antecedent SSTs over the 6-12 months preceding sampling were the most influential for describing changes to abundance. The increase in community diversity in response to higher SSTs was best explained by temperatures in the 10 months preceding sampling, and the resultant decreased abundance of dominant turf algae. These results highlight rapidly warming nearshore SSTs in Hawai'i and the longer-term effects of antecedent SSTs as significant drivers of change within Hawaiian intertidal communities. Therefore, we suggest that future research and management should consider the possibility of lagging effects of antecedent SST on intertidal communities in Hawai'i and elsewhere.

Multiple and Extra-Pair Mating in a Pair-Living Hermaphrodite, the Intertidal Limpet Siphonaria gigas.

Pair-living is a common social system found across animal taxa, and the relationship between pair-living and reproduction varies greatly among species. Siphonaria gigas, hermaphroditic pulmonate gastropods, often live in pairs in the rocky intertidal zone of the tropical Eastern Pacific. Combining genetic parentage analysis using four polymorphic microsatellite loci with behavioral observations from a 10-week field study, we provide the first description of the mating system of a Siphonaria species incorporating genetic data. S. gigas mated both within-pair and extra-pair and three out of four paired S. gigas individuals produced egg masses with extra-pair paternity. Multiple paternity was detected, but at a relatively low frequency (19% of egg masses) compared to other marine gastropods. Behavioral data indicate one potential advantage of pair-living: paired S. gigas produced almost twice as many egg masses as their solitary counterparts over four reproductive cycles. These observations, together with constraints on the movement of S. gigas, suggest that pairing may ensure mate access and increase reproductive success.

Apareamiento múltiple y extrapareja en un hermafrodita que vive en pareja, la lapa intermareal Siphonaria gigas (Multiple and extra-pair mating in a pair-living hermaphrodite, the intertidal limpet Siphonaria gigas). Vivir en pareja es un sistema social común que se encuentra en los taxones de animales, y la relación entre la vida en pareja y la reproducción varía mucho entre las especies. Siphonaria gigas, gasterópodos pulmonados y hermafroditas, a menudo viven en parejas en la zona rocosa intermareal del Pacífico oriental tropical. Combinando el análisis de parentesco genético utilizando cuatro loci de microsatélites polimórficos con observaciones de comportamiento de un estudio de campo de 10 semanas, proporcionamos la primera descripción del sistema de apareamiento de una especie Siphonaria que incorpora datos genéticos. S. gigas se apareó tanto dentro como fuera de la pareja, y tres de cada cuatro individuos de S. gigas emparejados produjeron masas de huevo con paternidad extrapareja. Se detectó paternidad múltiple, pero a una frecuencia relativamente baja (19% de las masas de huevo) en comparación con otros gasterópodos marinos. Los datos de comportamiento indican una ventaja potencial de la vida en pareja: S. gigas emparejado produjo casi el doble de masas de huevo que sus contrapartes solitarias durante cuatro ciclos reproductivos. Estas observaciones, junto con el movimiento restringido de S. gigas, sugieren que el emparejamiento puede garantizar el acceso de pareja y aumentar el éxito reproductivo. Translated to Spanish by YE Jimenez (yordano_jimenez@brown.edu).