Chapter 11: Astrobiology Education, Engagement, and Resources.

Although astrobiology is a relatively new field of science, the questions it seeks to answer (e.g., "What is life?" "What does life require?") have been investigated for millennia. In recent decades, formal programs dedicated specifically to the science of astrobiology have been organized at academic, governmental, and institutional scales. Constructing educational programs around this emerging science relies on input from broad expertise and backgrounds. Because of the interdisciplinary nature of this field, career pathways in astrobiology often begin in more specific fields such as astronomy, geology, or biology, and unlike many other sciences, typically involve substantial training outside one's primary discipline. The recent origin of astrobiology as a field of science has led to strong collaborations with education research in the development of astrobiology courses and offers a unique instructional laboratory for further pedagogical studies. This chapter is intended to support students, educators, and early career scientists by connecting them to materials and opportunities that the authors and colleagues have found advantageous. Annotated lists of relevant programs and resources are included as a series of appendices in the supplementary material.

Electron Spin-Polarization Dependent Damage to Chiral Amino Acid l-Histidine.

The damage of approximately monolayer films of l-histidine by low-energy spin-polarized electrons (SPE) ejected from a magnetized cobalt substrate has been probed using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). Average damage cross sections for N-containing motifs of l-histidine are 25-30 and 2-5 Mb for zwitterions and neutral molecules, respectively. The magnetization direction of the substrate, which controls the ejected SPE helicity, was reversed in situ, and statistically significant differences in the damage cross sections of 10-30% were measured between positive and negative electron helicities. This is the first measurement of spin dichroism (SD) in an amino acid. The differential cross sections suggest that inelastic scattering of SPE with chiral molecules could contribute to the persistence of one enantiomer vs the other under certain irradiation conditions, particularly for the zwitterionic species.

Low energy secondary electron induced damage of condensed nucleotides.

Radiation damage and stimulated desorption of nucleotides 2'-deoxyadenosine 5'-monophosphate (dAMP), adenosine 5'-monophosphate (rAMP), 2'-deoxycytidine 5'-monophosphate (dCMP), and cytidine 5'-monophosphate (rCMP) deposited on Au have been measured using x-rays as both the probe and source of low energy secondary electrons. The fluence dependent behavior of the O-1s, C-1s, and N-1s photoelectron transitions was analyzed to obtain phosphate, sugar, and nucleobase damage cross sections. Although x-ray induced reactions in nucleotides involve both direct ionization and excitation, the observed bonding changes were likely dominated by the inelastic energy-loss channels associated with secondary electron capture and transient negative ion decay. Growth of the integrated peak area for the O-1s component at 531.3 eV, corresponding to cleavage of the C-O-P phosphodiester bond, yielded effective damage cross sections of about 23 Mb and 32 Mb (1 Mb = 10-18 cm2) for AMP and CMP molecules, respectively. The cross sections for sugar damage, as determined from the decay of the C-1s component at 286.4 eV and the glycosidic carbon at 289.0 eV, were slightly lower (about 20 Mb) and statistically similar for the r- and d- forms of the nucleotides. The C-1s component at 287.6 eV, corresponding to carbons in the nucleobase ring, showed a small initial increase and then decayed slowly, yielding a low damage cross section (∼5 Mb). Although there is no statistical difference between the sugar forms, changing the nucleobase from adenine to cytidine has a slight effect on the damage cross section, possibly due to differing electron capture and transfer probabilities.

Combined tibial plateau levelling osteotomy and lateral fabellotibial suture for cranial cruciate ligament rupture with severe rotational instability in dogs.

OBJECTIVE: To report the use of tibial plateau levelling osteotomy and lateral fabellotibial suture in combination for treatment of severe internal tibial rotational stifle instability in cranial cruciate-deficient stifles. METHODS: Twenty-three stifles in 19 dogs were diagnosed with cranial cruciate ligament rupture with severe stifle instability, characterised by marked cranial tibial translation and internal tibial rotation that was evident during orthopaedic examination. A combined tibial plateau levelling osteotomy and lateral fabellotibial suture procedure were performed to stabilise the stifle joint. The surgical complications, short-term lameness scores and owner satisfaction were evaluated. RESULTS: The postoperative complication rate was 21 · 7% with one minor (4 · 3%) and four major (17 · 4%) complications. At short-term follow-up one dog had an intermittent low-grade lameness and two dogs had mild tibial internal rotational instability present on palpation without lameness. Owner's overall satisfaction with the operation and recovery was good (21 · 4%) to excellent (78 · 6%). CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE: The use of lateral fabellotibial suture in combination with tibial plateau levelling osteotomy was an effective technique for managing cranial cruciate ligament rupture with severe internal tibial rotational stifle instability.