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1.
J Insect Sci ; 21(6)2021 Nov 01.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-34723332

ABSTRACT

Despite numerous interventions, the ectoparasitic mite Varroa (Varroa destructor Anderson and Trueman [Mesostigmata: Varroidae]) and the pathogens it vectors remain a primary threat to honey bee (Apis mellifera Linnaeus [Hymenoptera: Apidae]) health. Hygienic behavior, the ability to detect, uncap, and remove unhealthy brood from the colony, has been bred for selectively for over two decades and continues to be a promising avenue for improved Varroa management. Although hygienic behavior is expressed more in Varroa-resistant colonies, hygiene does not always confer resistance to Varroa. Additionally, existing Varroa resistance selection methods trade efficacy for efficiency, because those achieving the highest levels of Varroa resistance can be time-consuming, and thus expensive and impractical for apicultural use. Here, we tested the hypothesis that hygienic response to a mixture of semiochemicals associated with Varroa-infested honey bee brood can serve as an improved tool for predicting colony-level Varroa resistance. In support of our hypothesis, we demonstrated that a mixture of the compounds (Z)-10-tritriacontene, (Z)-8-hentriacontene, (Z)-8-heptadecene, and (Z)-6-pentadecene triggers hygienic behavior in a two-hour assay, and that high-performing colonies (hygienic response to ≥60% of treated cells) have significantly lower Varroa infestations, remove significantly more introduced Varroa, and are significantly more likely to survive the winter compared to low-performing colonies (hygienic response to <60% of treated cells). We discuss the relative efficacy and efficiency of this assay for facilitating apiary management decisions and selection of Varroa-resistant honey bees, as well as the relevance of these findings to honey bee health, pollination services, and social insect communication.


Subject(s)
Bees , Pheromones , Varroidae , Animals , Beekeeping , Bees/chemistry , Bees/parasitology
2.
J Med Entomol ; 52(4): 734-8, 2015 Jul.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-26335484

ABSTRACT

Homoplasmy, the occurrence of a single mitochondrial DNA haplotype within an individual, has been the accepted condition across most organisms in the animal kingdom. In recent years, a number of exceptions to this rule have been reported, largely due to the ease with which single nucleotide polymorphisms can be detected. Evidence of heteroplasmy-two or more mitochondrial variants within a single individual-has now been documented in a number of invertebrates; however, when present, heteroplasmy usually occurs at low frequencies both within individuals and within populations. The implications of heteroplasmy may be far reaching, both to the individual in relation to its health and fitness, and when considering the evolutionary dynamics of populations. We present novel evidence for frequent mtDNA heteroplasmy in the bed bug, Cimex lectularius L. (Hemiptera: Cimicidae). Our findings show that heteroplasmy is common, with 5 of 29 (17%) populations screened exhibiting two mitochondrial variants in a ∼1:2 ratio within each individual. We hypothesize that the mechanism underlying heteroplasmy in bed bugs is paternal leakage because some haplotypes were shared among unrelated populations and no evidence for nuclear mitochondrial DNA sequences was detected.


Subject(s)
Bedbugs/genetics , DNA, Mitochondrial/genetics , Animals , Ectoparasitic Infestations/parasitology , Female , Haplotypes/genetics , Humans , Male , Missouri , Oklahoma
3.
J Evol Biol ; 28(4): 906-16, 2015 04.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-25765134

ABSTRACT

Animals balance their intake of specific nutrients, but little is known about how they do so when foraging in an environment with toxic resources and whether toxic foods promote adaptations that affect life history traits. In German cockroach (Blattella germanica) populations, glucose aversion has evolved in response to glucose-containing insecticidal baits. We restricted newly eclosed glucose-averse (GA) and wild-type (WT) female cockroaches to nutritionally defined diets varying in protein-to-carbohydrate (P : C) ratio (3 : 1, 1 : 1, or 1 : 3) or gave them free choice of the 3 : 1 and 1 : 3 diets, with either glucose or fructose as the sole carbohydrate source. We measured consumption of each diet over 6 days and then dissected the females to measure the length of basal oocytes in their ovaries. Our results showed significantly lower consumption by GA compared to WT cockroaches when restricted to glucose-containing diets, but also lower fructose intake by GA compared to WT cockroaches when restricted to high fructose diets or given choice of fructose-containing diets. Protein intake was regulated tightly regardless of carbohydrate intake, except by GA cockroaches restricted to glucose-containing diets. Oocyte growth was completely suppressed in GA females restricted to glucose-containing diets, but also significantly slower in GA than in WT females restricted to fructose-containing diets. Our findings suggest that GA cockroaches have adapted to reduced diet breadth through endocrine adjustments which reduce requirements for energetic fuels. Our study illustrates how an evolutionary change in the chemosensory system may affect the evolution of other traits that govern animal life histories.


Subject(s)
Adaptation, Physiological/physiology , Animal Nutritional Physiological Phenomena , Cockroaches/physiology , Sexual Maturation , Animals , Body Weight , Feeding Behavior/physiology , Female , Fructose/pharmacology , Glucose/pharmacology , Oocytes/drug effects , Oocytes/physiology
4.
J Evol Biol ; 27(10): 2096-105, 2014 Oct.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-25078384

ABSTRACT

Organisms have diverse adaptations for balancing dietary nutrients, but often face trade-offs between ingesting nutrients and toxins in food. While extremely omnivorous cockroaches would seem excluded from such dietary trade-offs, German cockroaches (Blattella germanica) in multiple populations have rapidly evolved a unique dietary specialization - an aversion to glucose, the phagostimulant in toxic baits used for pest control. We used factorial feeding experiments within the geometric framework to test whether glucose-averse (GA) cockroaches with limited access to this critical metabolic fuel have compensatory behavioural and physiological strategies for meeting nutritional requirements. GA cockroaches had severely constrained intake, fat and N mass, and performance on glucose-based diets relative to wild-type (WT) cockroaches and did not appear to exhibit digestive strategies for retaining undereaten nutrients. However, a GA × WT 'hybrid' had lower glucose aversion than GA and greater access to macronutrients within glucose-based diets - while still having lower intake and survival than WT. Given these intermediate foraging constraints, hybrids may be a reservoir for this maladaptive trait in the absence of positive selection and may account for the rapid evolution of this trait following bait application.


Subject(s)
Cockroaches/physiology , Diet/veterinary , Glucose , Adaptation, Biological/genetics , Animals , Chimera , Cockroaches/genetics , Models, Statistical , Nutritional Requirements
5.
Mol Biol (Mosk) ; 48(2): 349-52, 2014.
Article in Russian | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-25850305

ABSTRACT

The intracellular localization of the regulatory proteins encoded by the genome of the densovirus of German cockroach was analyzed using western-blotting of nuclear and cytoplasmic extracts of the densovirus-infected passaging cells tissue culture BGE-2. Two of the three regulatory proteins, NS1 and NS3, were shown to possess mainly nuclear localization, while NS2 protein was distributed between the nucleus and cytoplasm. Data obtained provide new information necessary for prediction of the functions of densovirus regulatory proteins. Intracellular localization of NS3 protein was described for the densoviruses for the first time.


Subject(s)
Blattellidae/virology , Densovirus/genetics , Gene Expression Regulation, Viral , Genome, Viral , Viral Nonstructural Proteins/genetics , Viral Regulatory and Accessory Proteins/genetics , Amino Acid Sequence , Animals , Cell Nucleus/virology , Cells, Cultured , Cytoplasm/virology , Molecular Sequence Data , Open Reading Frames , Protein Sorting Signals , Viral Nonstructural Proteins/chemistry , Viral Regulatory and Accessory Proteins/chemistry
6.
Mol Ecol ; 22(4): 1065-80, 2013 Feb.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-23294019

ABSTRACT

Even though premating isolation is hypothesized to be a major driving force in speciation, its genetic basis is poorly known. In the noctuid moth Heliothis subflexa, one group of sex pheromone components, the acetates, emitted by the female, plays a crucial isolating role in preventing interspecific matings to males of the closely related Heliothis virescens, in which females do not produce acetates and males are repelled by them. We previously found intraspecific variation in acetates in H. subflexa: females in eastern North America contain significantly more acetates than females in Western Mexico. Here we describe the persistence of this intraspecific variation in laboratory-reared strains and the identification of one major quantitative trait locus (QTL), explaining 40% of the variance in acetate amounts. We homologized this intraspecific QTL to our previously identified interspecific QTL using restriction-associated DNA (RAD) tags. We found that a major intraspecific QTL overlaps with one of the two major interspecific QTL. To identify candidate genes underlying the acetate variation, we investigated a number of gene families with known or suspected acetyl- or acyltransferase activity. The most likely candidate genes did not map to our QTL, so that we currently hypothesize that a transcription factor underlies this QTL. Finding a single, large QTL that impacts variation in pheromone blends between and within species is, to our knowledge, the first such example for traits that have been demonstrated to affect premating isolation.


Subject(s)
Genetic Variation , Moths/genetics , Quantitative Trait Loci , Sex Attractants/genetics , Acetates/chemistry , Acetyltransferases/genetics , Animals , Female , Genes, Insect , Genetics, Population , Male , Mexico , North Carolina , Phenotype , Reproductive Isolation , Sex Attractants/chemistry , Transcription Factors/genetics
7.
Med Vet Entomol ; 27(1): 86-95, 2013 Mar.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-22681499

ABSTRACT

Carbon dioxide (CO(2) ), 1-octen-3-ol, acetone, ammonium hydroxide, L-lactic-acid, dimethyl trisulphide and isobutyric acid were tested as attractants for two tick species, Amblyomma americanum and Dermacentor variabilis (Acari: Ixodidae), in dose-response bioassays using Y-tube olfactometers. Only CO(2) , acetone, 1-octen-3-ol and ammonium hydroxide elicited significant preferences from adult A. americanum, and only CO(2) was attractive to adult D. variabilis. Acetone, 1-octen-3-ol and ammonium hydroxide were separately evaluated at three doses against CO(2) (from dry ice) at a field site supporting a natural population of A. americanum nymphs and adults. Carbon dioxide consistently attracted the highest number of host-seeking ticks. However, for the first time, acetone, 1-octen-3-ol and ammonium hydroxide were shown to attract high numbers of A. americanum. Further research is needed to determine the utility of these semiochemicals as attractants in tick surveillance and area-wide management programmes.


Subject(s)
Ixodidae/drug effects , Ixodidae/physiology , Pheromones/pharmacology , Animals , Dermacentor/drug effects , Dermacentor/physiology , Feeding Behavior/drug effects , Insect Control , Species Specificity
8.
Mol Ecol ; 20(13): 2676-92, 2011 Jul.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-21615579

ABSTRACT

The two moth species Heliothis virescens (Hv) and H. subflexa (Hs) are closely related, but have vastly different feeding habits. Hv is a generalist and an important pest in many crops in the USA, while Hs is a specialist feeding only on plants in the genus Physalis. In this study, we conducted a comparative population genetic analysis to assess whether and how generalist and specialist life styles are reflected in differences in population structures. In Hv 98% of the total variation occurred within populations. The overall differentiation (F(ST) ) between regions was 0.006 and even lower between years (0.0039) and hosts (0.0028). Analyses of population structure suggest that all individuals form one genetically homogeneous population, except for at most 12 individuals (6%) that diverged from this cluster. Population homogeneity likely results from the high mobility of Hv and its generalist feeding behaviour. Hs exhibited substantially more population structure. Even though 96% of the total variation was attributable to within-population variability, F(ST) -values between Hs populations were 10 times higher than between Hv populations. Hs populations showed significant isolation by distance. Analyses of Hs population structure suggest at least two subpopulations and thus some degree of metapopulation structure. We speculate that the patchy distribution of Physalis- the exclusive food source of Hs - contributes to differences in population structure between these closely related species. The finding that the specialist shows more population differentiation than the generalist corroborates the notion that host specialization is not an evolutionary dead end but a dynamic trait.


Subject(s)
Feeding Behavior/physiology , Genetic Variation/genetics , Genetics, Population , Moths/genetics , Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphism Analysis , Analysis of Variance , Animals , Bayes Theorem , Biological Evolution , DNA/genetics , Female , Genetic Drift , Genotype , Host-Parasite Interactions/genetics , Larva/genetics , Larva/physiology , Male , Moths/classification , Moths/physiology , North America , Phenotype , Plants/parasitology , Population Dynamics , Species Specificity
9.
Insect Mol Biol ; 20(1): 125-33, 2011 Feb.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-20946532

ABSTRACT

Functional analyses of candidate Heliothis virescens pheromone odorant receptors (HvORs) were conducted using heterologous expression in Xenopus oocytes. HvOR6 was found to be highly tuned to Z9-14:Ald, while HvOR13, HvOR14 and HvOR16 showed specificity for Z11-16:Ald, Z11-16:OAc and Z11-16:OH, respectively. HvOR15, which had been considered a candidate receptor for Z9-14:Ald did not respond to any of the pheromone compounds tested, nor to 50 other general odorants. Thus, while HvOR15 is specifically expressed in H. virescens male antennae, its role in pheromone reception remains unknown. Based on our results and previous research we can now assign pheromone receptors in H. virescens males to each of the critical H. virescens agonistic pheromone compounds and two antagonistic compounds produced by heterospecific females.


Subject(s)
Moths/metabolism , Receptors, Pheromone/metabolism , Sex Attractants/metabolism , Animal Communication , Animals , Arthropod Antennae/metabolism , Behavior, Animal , DNA, Complementary/genetics , Female , Genes, Insect , Male , Moths/genetics , Oocytes/metabolism , Receptors, Pheromone/genetics , Sex Attractants/genetics , Xenopus/genetics
10.
J Evol Biol ; 23(12): 2731-8, 2010 Dec.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-21121086

ABSTRACT

Variability within sex pheromone signalling systems is generally believed to be low because of strong stabilizing selection; yet the noctuid moth Heliothis subflexa (Hs) shows significant intraspecific variation. One possible explanation is that females may alter their sex pheromone blend depending on prevailing olfactory cues in the habitat, which we termed the 'experience hypothesis'. This could be adaptive if Hs females experiencing the pheromone of another species, Heliothis virescens (Hv), responded to reduce the frequency of heterospecific matings. We exposed Hs females to no pheromone, Hs pheromone or Hv pheromone in the first 3 days of their adult lives. Hs females in the latter treatment produced significantly more of the acetate Z11-16:OAc, which inhibits the attraction of Hv males. To our knowledge, this is the first study showing adaptive phenotypic plasticity in a moth sex pheromone and suggests that behavioural differentiation may precede genetic divergence in the sexual signals of moths.


Subject(s)
Animal Communication , Moths/physiology , Phenotype , Sex Attractants/metabolism , Sexual Behavior, Animal , Adaptation, Physiological , Animals , Cues , Female , Moths/drug effects , Moths/metabolism , Sex Attractants/chemistry , Sex Attractants/pharmacology , Stimulation, Chemical
11.
J Econ Entomol ; 103(5): 1636-46, 2010 Oct.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-21061963

ABSTRACT

Crawling and scraping activity of three stored-product pests, Sitophilus oryzae (L.) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae), Tribolium castaneum (Herbst) (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae), and Stegobium paniceum (L.) (Coleoptera: Anobiidae), and two urban pests, Blattella germanica (L.) (Blattodea: Blattellidae) and Cimex lectularius L. (Hemiptera: Cimicidae), were monitored individually by infrared sensors, microphones, and a piezoelectric sensor in a small arena to evaluate effects of insect locomotory behavior and size on the ability of an inexpensively constructed instrument to detect insects and distinguish among different species. Adults of all species could be detected when crawling or scraping. The smallest insects in the study, first-fourth-instar C. lectularius nymphs, could not be detected easily when crawling, but could be detected when scraping. Sound and vibration sensors detected brief, 3-10-ms impulses from all tested species, often grouped in distinctive trains (bursts), typical of impulses in previous acoustic detection experiments. To consider the potential for targeting or focusing detection on particular species of interest, indicators were developed to assess the likelihood of detection of C. lectularius. Statistically significant differences were found between C. lectularius and other species in distributions of three measured variables: infrared signal durations, sound impulse-burst durations, and sound pressure levels (energy) of impulses that best matched an averaged spectrum (profile) of scraping behavior. Thus, there is potential that signals collected by an inexpensive, polymodal-sensor instrument could be used in automated trapping systems to detect a targeted species, 0.1 mg or larger, in environments where servicing of traps is difficult or when timeliness of trapping information is important.


Subject(s)
Insecta/physiology , Acoustics , Animals , Forelimb/anatomy & histology , Forelimb/physiology , Hindlimb/anatomy & histology , Hindlimb/physiology , Humans , Insecta/anatomy & histology , Life Cycle Stages , Movement/physiology , Pest Control, Biological/methods , United States , Urban Health , Vibration
12.
Insect Mol Biol ; 18(6): 727-36, 2009 Nov.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-19758414

ABSTRACT

We used RNA interference (RNAi) to silence the expression of a gene encoding Bla g 1, a human allergen produced by the German cockroach, Blattella germanica L., to study its function in cockroach physiology. Females injected with 1 microg of double-stranded RNA contained 64% less Bla g 1 protein and Bla g 1 mRNA abundance was reduced by 91.4% compared to sham-injected females. Bla g 1 knockdown slowed the pace of weight gain, midgut growth, and colleterial gland and basal oocyte maturation, resulting in delayed egg case formation and lower fecundity. Exogenous juvenile hormone treatments rescued reproduction in RNAi-treated females, suggesting that Bla g 1 silencing lowered endogenous juvenile hormone, probably by reducing food intake and nutrient absorption.


Subject(s)
Allergens/genetics , Allergens/metabolism , Cockroaches/genetics , Digestion/genetics , Intestinal Absorption/genetics , RNA Interference , Allergens/physiology , Animals , Antigens, Plant , Cockroaches/growth & development , DNA Primers/genetics , Digestion/physiology , Female , Juvenile Hormones/pharmacology , Oocytes/metabolism , Reproduction/drug effects , Reproduction/genetics , Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction
14.
Mol Ecol Resour ; 8(5): 1102-4, 2008 Sep.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-21585984

ABSTRACT

Despite recognition of the western drywood termite, Incisitermes minor (Hagen), as one of the most economically important and destructive termite species in the USA, both its population and colony breeding structure genetically remain unclear. Here, we present primer sequences and initial characterization for 15 polymorphic microsatellite loci. In a sample of 30 individuals, representing six geographically distinct locations collected in California, USA, three to 15 alleles were detected segregating per locus. Within a single population observed heterozygosity ranged from 0.050 to 0.866.

15.
Med Vet Entomol ; 21(2): 132-40, 2007 Jun.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-17550432

ABSTRACT

Little information is available on genetic variation within and between populations of pest cockroaches. In this study, intraspecific HindIII polymorphism was investigated in the German cockroach, Blattella germanica (Linnaeus) (Dictyoptera, Blattaria: Blattellidae), using restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RFLP) of the non-transcribed spacer (NTS) region of ribosomal DNA (rDNA). Individual male insects were collected from infestations at three different pig farms. Each population was characterized by HindIII restriction fragment frequencies and haplotype (a particular X-chromosome pattern) frequencies. The inheritance of the X-chromosome HindIII rDNA patterns over 12 generations (3 years) follows Mendelian patterns, and the stability of this polymorphic marker indicates infrequent genetic recombination of variable sites. Although pairwise genetic distance measures were uncorrelated with geographical distance, the pattern of genetic differentiation of the three cockroach populations suggests that human-mediated transport of cockroaches is an important force in shaping the population genetic structure of cockroach infestations, at least at the regional scale of 10-100 km. Sequence variation in the ribosomal NTS is a useful marker, and RFLP of rDNA is a simple, robust and reproducible technique for differentiating recently diverged cockroach populations.


Subject(s)
Blattellidae/genetics , DNA, Ribosomal Spacer/genetics , Genetic Variation , Polymorphism, Restriction Fragment Length , Animals , Blotting, Southern , DNA Restriction Enzymes/metabolism , Female , Genetics, Population , Haplotypes , Male , Polymorphism, Genetic , Principal Component Analysis , X Chromosome/genetics
16.
Genetika ; 42(4): 501-6, 2006 Apr.
Article in Russian | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-16756069

ABSTRACT

Using polymerase chain reaction technique with primers flanking target sites of retrotransposons R1 and R2, integrated copies of these transposable elements were amplified in various cockroach species (Blattodea). It was shown that each species has a unique pattern of "5'-undertranscripts" with the definite set of amplified fragments of different lengths. Intraspecies polymorphism was revealed in analysis of German cockroach specimens obtained upon individual mating. This is the first report providing results of identifying, cloning, and sequencing extended fragments (5'-truncated copies) of Blatella germanica R1 and R2 retrotransposons. It may be assumed that patterns of 5'-truncated copies of R1 and R2 elements can be used as markers in population and phylogenetic studies. Moreover, cloned and sequenced fragments will be employed in our further studies for screening of the German cockroach genomic library in order to detect full-length copies in this class transposable elements.


Subject(s)
Blattellidae/genetics , Genes, Insect/genetics , Polymorphism, Genetic/genetics , Retroelements/genetics , Animals , Cloning, Molecular , Genetic Markers/genetics , Genetics, Population , Genomic Library , Phylogeny , Species Specificity , Transcription, Genetic/genetics
17.
J Gen Virol ; 87(Pt 6): 1567-1575, 2006 Jun.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-16690920

ABSTRACT

A new DNA virus (Parvoviridae: Densovirinae, Densovirus) was isolated and purified from descendants of field-collected German cockroaches, Blattella germanica. Viral DNA and cockroach tissues infected with B. germanica densovirus (BgDNV) were examined by electron microscopy. Virus particles, about 20 nm in diameter, were observed both in the nucleus and in the cytoplasm of infected cells. Virus DNA proved to be a linear molecule of about 1.2 microm in length. BgDNV isolated from infected cockroaches infected successfully and could be maintained in BGE-2, a B. germanica cell line. The complete BgDNV genome was sequenced and analysed. Five open reading frames (ORFs) were detected in the 5335 nt sequence: two ORFS that were on one DNA strand encoded structural capsid proteins (69.7 and 24.8 kDa) and three ORFs that were on the other strand encoded non-structural proteins (60.2, 30.3 and 25.9 kDa). Three putative promoters and polyadenylation signals were identified. Structural analysis of the inverted terminal repeats revealed the presence of extended palindromes. The genome structure of BgDNV was compared with that of other members of the family Parvoviridae; the predicted amino acid sequences were aligned and subjected to phylogenetic analyses.


Subject(s)
Blattellidae/ultrastructure , Blattellidae/virology , Densovirus/classification , Densovirus/pathogenicity , Animals , Base Sequence , Cell Line , Cloning, Molecular , DNA, Viral/analysis , Densovirus/genetics , Densovirus/isolation & purification , Genome, Viral , Microscopy, Electron , Molecular Sequence Data , Open Reading Frames , Phylogeny , Sequence Analysis, DNA , Viral Proteins/chemistry , Viral Proteins/genetics
18.
J Evol Biol ; 19(2): 600-17, 2006 Mar.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-16599935

ABSTRACT

Males of the noctuid moths, Heliothis virescens and H. subflexa locate mates based on species-specific responses to female-emitted pheromones that are composed of distinct blends of volatile compounds. We conducted genetic crosses between these two species and used AFLP marker-based mapping of backcross families (H. subflexa direction) to determine which of the 30 autosomes in these moths contained quantitative trait loci (QTL) controlling the proportion of specific chemical components in the pheromone blends. Presence/absence of single H. virescens chromosomes accounted for 7-34% of the phenotypic variation among backcross females in seven pheromone components. For a set of three similar 16-carbon acetates, two H. virescens chromosomes interacted in determining their relative amounts within the pheromone gland and together accounted for 53% of the phenotypic variance. Our results are discussed relative to theories about population genetic processes and biochemical mechanisms involved in the evolution of new sexual communication systems.


Subject(s)
Chromosome Mapping , Moths/genetics , Pheromones/genetics , Animals , Crosses, Genetic , DNA/genetics , DNA/isolation & purification , Evolution, Molecular , Female , Genetic Variation , Male , Phenotype
20.
Genetika ; 41(5): 590-4, 2005 May.
Article in Russian | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-15977808

ABSTRACT

The polymorphism of nuclear ribosomal DNA has been studied in male German cockroaches. The RFLP analysis has been used to identify seven types of HindIII fragments, the variation of which may serve as the basis for the differentiation of laboratory strains with respect to some population indices, including the average number of fragments per animal (N), the proportion of polymorphic loci (P), and the average pairwise similarity (APS). The interpopulation variation (FST) calculated for nine haplotypes is 53.85%.


Subject(s)
Cell Nucleus/genetics , Cockroaches/genetics , DNA, Ribosomal/genetics , Animals
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