ABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: Understanding the relative contributions of SARS-CoV-2 infection-induced and vaccine-induced seroprevalence is key to measuring overall population-level seroprevalence and help guide policy decisions. METHODS: Using a series of six population-based cross-sectional surveys conducted among persons aged ≥7 years in a large health system with over 4.5 million members between May 2021 and April 2022, we combined data from the electronic health record (EHR), an electronic survey and SARS-CoV-2 spike antibody binding assay, to assess the relative contributions of infection and vaccination to population-level SARS-CoV-2 seroprevalence. EHR and survey data were incorporated to determine spike antibody positivity due to SARS-CoV-2 infection and COVID-19 vaccination. We used sampling and non-response weighting to create population-level estimates. RESULTS: We enrolled 4,319 persons over six recruitment waves. SARS-CoV-2 spike antibody seroprevalence increased from 83.3% (CI 77.0-88.9) in May 2021 to 93.5% (CI 89.5-97.5) in April 2022. By April 2022, 68.5% (CI 61.9-74.3) of the population was seropositive from COVID-19 vaccination only, 13.9% (10.7-17.9) from COVID-19 vaccination and prior diagnosed SARS-CoV-2 infection, 8.2% (CI 4.5-14.5) from prior diagnosed SARS-CoV-2 infection only and 2.9% (CI 1.1-7.6) from prior undiagnosed SARS-CoV-2 infection only. We found high agreement (≥97%) between EHR and survey data for ascertaining COVID-19 vaccination and SARS-CoV-2 infection status. CONCLUSIONS: By April 2022, 93.5% of persons had detectable SARS-CoV-2 spike antibody, predominantly from COVID-19 vaccination. In this highly vaccinated population and over 18 months into the pandemic, SARS-CoV-2 infection without COVID-19 vaccination was a small contributor to overall population-level seroprevalence.
Subject(s)
Antibodies, Viral , COVID-19 Vaccines , COVID-19 , SARS-CoV-2 , Spike Glycoprotein, Coronavirus , Humans , COVID-19/epidemiology , COVID-19/immunology , COVID-19/prevention & control , Seroepidemiologic Studies , SARS-CoV-2/immunology , COVID-19 Vaccines/immunology , Male , Antibodies, Viral/blood , Antibodies, Viral/immunology , Middle Aged , Spike Glycoprotein, Coronavirus/immunology , Female , Adult , Aged , Cross-Sectional Studies , Adolescent , Child , Young Adult , Vaccination , Aged, 80 and overABSTRACT
Background: Understanding the relative contributions of SARS-CoV-2 infection-induced and vaccine- induced seroprevalence is key to measuring overall population-level seroprevalence and help guide policy decisions. Methods: Using a series of six population-based cross-sectional surveys conducted among persons aged ≥7 years in a large health system with over 4.5 million members between May 2021 and April 2022, we combined data from the electronic health record (EHR), an electronic survey and SARS-CoV-2 spike antibody binding assay, to assess the relative contributions of infection and vaccination to population- level SARS-CoV-2 seroprevalence. EHR and survey data were incorporated to determine spike antibody positivity due to SARS-CoV-2 infection and COVID-19 vaccination. We used sampling and non-response weighting to create population-level estimates. Results: We enrolled 4,319 persons over six recruitment waves. SARS-CoV-2 spike antibody seroprevalence increased from 83.3% (CI 77.0-88.9) in May 2021 to 93.5% (CI 89.5-97.5) in April 2022. By April 2022, 68.5% (CI 61.9-74.3) of the population was seropositive from COVID-19 vaccination only, 13.9% (10.7-17.9) from COVID-19 vaccination and prior diagnosed SARS-CoV-2 infection, 8.2% (CI 4.5- 14.5) from prior diagnosed SARS-CoV-2 infection only and 2.9% (CI 1.1-7.6) from prior undiagnosed SARS-CoV-2 infection only. We found high agreement (≥97%) between EHR and survey data for ascertaining COVID-19 vaccination and SARS-CoV-2 infection status. Conclusions: By April 2022, 93.5% of persons had detectable SARS-CoV-2 spike antibody, predominantly from COVID-19 vaccination. In this highly vaccinated population and over 18 months into the pandemic, SARS-CoV-2 infection without COVID-19 vaccination was a small contributor to overall population-level seroprevalence. Article summary: By April 2022, >93% of people had antibodies to SARS-CoV-2 with COVID-19 vaccination as the main driver of overall population-level seroprevalence in our healthcare system. SARS-CoV-2 infection without vaccination made a small contribution to population-level seroprevalence in our healthcare system.
