ABSTRACT
Subareolar abscess of the male breast is a rare condition, which can be complicated by a fistula from the areolar skin into a lactiferous duct. In 1951, Zuska et al first characterised this entity in women. Literature on mammillary fistulas in men is scarce and therefore standardisation of treatment does not exist. We present two cases of recurrent subareolar abscesses with draining fistulas. Both patients were successfully treated by complete excision of the lactiferous duct fistula, and continue to do well with no evidence of disease recurrence. When male patients present with a draining subareolar abscess, one should have a high index of suspicion for a mammillary fistula. Failure to identify and surgically excise the fistula may lead to recurrence of the abscess and prolonged morbidity. The most effective management of this uncommon entity includes complete excision of the lactiferous duct fistula.
Subject(s)
Abscess/diagnosis , Breast Diseases/diagnosis , Fistula/diagnosis , Mammary Glands, Human/pathology , Nipples/pathology , Abscess/surgery , Adult , Breast Diseases/surgery , Fistula/surgery , Humans , Male , Mammary Glands, Human/surgery , RecurrenceABSTRACT
Gallbladder volvulus is defined as the rotation of the gallbladder on its mesentery along the axis of the cystic duct and cystic artery. It is an unusual and rare occurrence with a predilection for women in their seventh or eight decades of life. Only about 300 cases have been reported in the literature ranging from ages 2 to 100 years old. The etiology of gallbladder volvulus remains speculative; however, the presence of a redundant mesentery is a prerequisite for torsion. Gall-bladder volvulus leads to occlusive obstruction of biliary drainage and blood flow. With early diagnosis and surgical intervention, the disease maintains a low mortality of approximately 5 per cent. We present two original cases of acute gallbladder volvulus successfully treated with cholecystectomy, as well as a review of the literature.
Subject(s)
Gallbladder Diseases/diagnosis , Adolescent , Adult , Aged , Aged, 80 and over , Child , Child, Preschool , Cholecystectomy , Diagnosis, Differential , Female , Gallbladder/blood supply , Gallbladder/diagnostic imaging , Gallbladder/surgery , Gallbladder Diseases/etiology , Gallbladder Diseases/surgery , Humans , Male , Mesenteric Arteries/abnormalities , Middle Aged , Tomography, X-Ray Computed , Torsion Abnormality/diagnosis , Torsion Abnormality/etiology , Torsion Abnormality/surgery , UltrasonographyABSTRACT
Developmental sequences are identified for many skills (e.g., hopping and throwing). Sequences are hypothesized but not validated for catching. Two purposes of this investigation were to validate hypothesized catching sequences and examine the importance of task constraints on catching performance. Seventy-two subjects (5-12 years of age) were videotaped as they attempted to catch a small (10-cm) ball, tossed to three locations: (a) directly to the body, (b) at the forehead, and (c) to various other locations. Trials were categorized using developmental sequences including four components: arm preparation, arm reception, hands, and body. The data were analyzed by catching condition using the prelongitudinal screening procedure described by Roberton, Williams, and Langendorfer (1980). Preliminary screening resulted in clarification of descriptions for several developmental levels. Movement sequences for hand and body components were comprehensive and age-related for the groups studied. Task conditions differently constrained children of different ages. Arm components did not meet the Roberton et al. criteria. Combining them may be warranted. Varying ball size or type is needed to test the comprehensiveness of the proposed sequences for other catching skills.