Going door-to-door to reach men and young people with HIV testing services to achieve the 90-90-90 treatment targets.

Setting: Mulanje District, Malawi. Objective: To examine the effectiveness of door-to-door (DtD) testing in reaching young people and men in a remote, rural area with a high prevalence of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. Design: This was a retrospective analysis of data collected for a pilot DtD program. HIV testing services (HTS) visited targeted villages for 1-2 weeks. All current residents aged ⩾2 years not known to be HIV-positive were offered testing. Results: Ninety per cent (13 783/15 391) of individuals eligible for testing accepted. Forty-one per cent (n = 5693) of those tested were males and 56% (n = 7752) were aged <20 years. The overall proportion who tested positive was 4% (n = 524), with half as many males as females testing positive (OR 0.49, 95%CI 0.40-0.60, P < 0.001). There was a higher positive yield rate for those aged ⩾20 years (6% for men and 8% for women). Two thirds were first-time testers; males were half as likely as females to have been previously tested (OR 0.43, 95%CI 0.40-0.47, P < 0.001). Conclusion: DtD-HTS can be an effective way to reach populations in remote, rural high-prevalence areas where access to fixed facilities is inadequate. It has the potential to reach young people and men better than facility-based testing or other community strategies, and can identify young HIV-positive children who may have been missed by other methods.

Contexte: Le district de Mulanje, Malawi.Objectif: Examiner l'efficacité d'un test pour le virus de l'immunodéficience humaine (VIH) en porte à porte (DtD) pour atteindre les jeunes et les hommes dans une zone rurale isolée, à prévalence élevée du VIH.Schéma: Une analyse rétrospective des données recueillies lors d'un programme pilote DtD. Des services de test du VIH (HTS) ont été offerts pendant 1­2 semaines dans les villages ciblés. Tous les résidents actuels (âgés de ⩾2 ans) non connus comme VIH positifs ont été invités à bénéficier du test.Résultats: Il y avait 90% (13 783/15 391) des individus éligibles au test qui ont accepté. Parmi les patients testés, 41% (n = 5693) ont été des hommes et 56% (n = 7752) avaient <20 ans. Le pourcentage total de tests positifs a été de 4% (n = 524), avec deux fois moins d'hommes VIH-positifs (OR 0,49, IC95% 0,40­0,60 ; P < 0,001) et le rendement a été plus élevé pour les patients âgés de ⩾20 ans (6% pour les hommes et 8% pour les femmes). Pour les deux tiers des patients, il s'agissait du premier test, les hommes étant deux fois moins susceptibles d'avoir été testés auparavant (OR 0.43, IC95% 0,40­0,47 ; P < 0,001).Conclusion: Les services de test DtD peuvent être une manière efficace d'atteindre les populations dans les zones rurales isolées, avec une prévalence élevée de VIH, où l'accès aux structures fixes est insuffisant. Cette stratégie aura le potentiel d'atteindre les jeunes et les hommes mieux que les tests en structures de santé ou les stratégies communautaires, et peuvent identifier les jeunes enfants VIH-positifs qui peuvent avoir été manqués par les autres méthodes.

Marco de referencia: El distrito de Mulanje, en Malawi.Objetivo: Examinar la eficacia de la oferta de la prueba diagnóstica de puerta a puerta con el objeto de llegar a los jóvenes y los hombres en una zona rural remota donde existe una alta prevalencia de infección por el virus de la inmunodeficiencia humana (VIH).Método: Un análisis retrospectivo de los datos recogidos para un programa piloto de puerta a puerta. Se logró una cobertura completa de las aldeas destinatarias con servicios de diagnóstico del VIH durante 1 a 2 semanas. Se ofreció la prueba a todos los residentes actuales (⩾2 años de edad), con la excepción de quienes conocían su situación positiva frente al VIH.Resultados: El noventa por ciento de las personas que cumplían los requisitos aceptaron la prueba (13 783/15 391), de las personas en quienes se practicó, 41% eran de sexo masculino (n = 5693) y 56% <20 años (n = 7752). El porcentaje global de resultados positivos fue 4% (n = 524), la mitad de los hombres obtuvieron un resultado positivo (OR 0,49; IC95% 0,40­0,60; P < 0,001) y se observó una mayor tasa de resultados positivos en las personas ⩾20 años (6% en los hombres y 8% en las mujeres). En dos tercios de los casos se trató de una primera prueba y la probabilidad de haber tenido una prueba en el pasado fue de 50% en los hombres (OR 0,43; IC95% 0,40­0,47; P < 0,001).Conclusión: Las pruebas diagnósticas del VIH practicadas de puerta a puerta pueden ser un método eficaz de alcanzar a las poblaciones con alta prevalencia de la infección VIH en regiones rurales remotas, que no cuentan con un acceso adecuado a los establecimientos de salud. Esta estrategia ofrece una mejor posibilidad de llegar a los jóvenes y los hombres que las pruebas institucionales u otras estrategias comunitarias y puede detectar a los niños pequeños positivos frente al VIH que se han pasado por alto con otros métodos.

Bringing care to the community: expanding access to health care in rural Malawi through mobile health clinics.

SETTING: Malawi has chronic shortages of health workers, high burdens of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection and malaria and a predominately rural population. Mobile health clinics (MHCs) could provide primary health care for adults and children in hard-to-reach areas. OBJECTIVES: To determine the feasibility, volume, and types of services provided by three MHCs from 2011 to 2013 in Mulanje District, Malawi. DESIGN: Cross-sectional retrospective study. RESULTS: The MHCs conducted 309 492 visits for primary health care, and in 2013 services operated on 99% of planned days. Despite an improvement in service provision, overall patient visits declined over the study period. Malaria and respiratory and gastro-intestinal conditions constituted 60% of visits. Females (n = 11 543) significantly outnumbered males (n = 2481) tested for HIV, yet males tested HIV-positive (27%) more often than females (14%). Malaria accounted for 26 421 (35%) visits for children aged <5 years, with a significant increase in the rainy season. Implementation of rapid diagnostic testing was associated with a decline in numbers treated for malaria. Antibiotic stockouts at government clinics were associated with increased MHC visits. CONCLUSION: MHCs can routinely provide primary health care for adults and children living in rural Malawi and complement fixed clinics. Moving from a complementary role to integration within the government health system remains a challenge.

Cadre : Le Mialawi soufre d'un manque chronique de personnel de santé, d'un lourd fardeau d'infection au virus de l'mmuodéficience humaine (VIH) et de paludisme avec une population surtout rurale. Des unités de santé mobiles (MHCs) pourraient fournir des soins de santé primaires aux adultes et aux enfants dans les zones d'accès difficile.Objectifs : Déterminer la faisabilité, le volume et les types de services fournis par trois MHCs de 2011 à 2013 dans le district de Mulanje, Malawi.Schéma : Etude rétrospective transversale.Résultats : Les MHCs ont effectué 309 492 consultations de soins de santé primaires et en 2013, les services ont fonctionné pendant 99% des jours prévus. En dépit d'une amélioration dans la fourniture des services, le total des consultations de patients a décliné au cours de la période d'étude. Le paludisme et les problèmes respiratoires et gastro-intestinaux constituaient 60% des consultations. Les femmes étaient significativement plus nombreuses (n = 11 543) que les hommes (n = 2481) à avoir un test VIH, mais les hommes étaient plus souvent VIH positifs (27%) que les femmes (14%). Le paludisme représentait 26 421 (35%) consultations pour les enfants de moins de 5 ans avec une augmentation significative en saison des pluies. La mise en œuvre des tests de diagnostic rapide a été associée à un déclin du nombre de patients traités pour paludisme. Les ruptures de stock d'antibiotiques dans les centres de santé du gouvernement étaient associés à une augmentation des consultations des MHC.Conclusion : Les MHC peuvent offrir en routine des soins de santé primaires aux adultes et aux enfants vivant dans les zones rurales du Malawi et compléter les structures fixes. Mais passer d'un rôle de complément à l'intégration au sein du système de santé du gouvernement reste un défi.

Marco de referencia: Malawi soporta una escasez crónica de personal sanitario, altas cargas de morbilidad por el virus de la inmunodeficiencia humana (VIH) y el paludismo y su población es predominantemente rural. Los dispensarios ambulantes (MHC) podrían aportar atención primaria de salud a los adultos y los niños en las zonas de difícil acceso.Objetivo: Examinar la factibilidad de la prestación de servicios ambulantes y determinar el volumen y los tipos de atención suministrados durante una intervención privada en tres MHC del 2011 al 2013 en el distrito de Mulanje, en Malawi.Método: Fue este un estudio transversal retrospectivo.Resultados: En los dispensarios ambulantes se practicaron 309 492 consultas de atención primaria y en el 2013, los servicios funcionaron durante el 99% de los días planeados. Pese a un progreso en la prestación de servicios, el número global de consultas disminuyó durante el período del estudio. El paludismo, las enfermedades respiratorias y gastrointestinales constituyeron el motivo de consulta en el 60% de los casos. Las mujeres fueron significativamente más numerosas que los hombres a practicar la prueba diagnóstica del VIH (11 543 contra 2481), pero los hombres obtuvieron con mayor frecuencia un resultado positivo (27% contra 14%). El paludismo correspondió a 26 421 consultas en los niños menores de 5 años de edad (35%) y se observó un aumento considerable en la temporada de lluvias. La ejecución de las pruebas diagnósticas rápidas se asoció con una disminución del número de pacientes tratados por paludismo. Los desabastecimientos de antibióticos en los consultorios gubernamentales se asociaron con un aumento en el número de consultas a los consultorios ambulantes.Conclusión: Los MHC pueden suministrar atención sanitaria sistemática a los adultos y los niños que viven en las zonas rurales de Malawi y completar así la atención prestada por los consultorios fijos. La evolución de este sistema, de una función complementaria a su integración en los sistemas nacionales de salud, sigue siendo una tarea difícil.

Work health determinants in employees without sickness absence.

BACKGROUND: Working ability is known to be related to good physical condition, clear work tasks, positive feedback and other occupational, organizational and psychosocial factors. In Sweden, high levels of sickness absence are due to stress-related disorders and musculoskeletal pain. AIMS: To identify work health characteristics in a working population with a large variety of professional skills and occupational tasks. METHODS: Employers' data on occupation, sickness absence, age and gender in a working population of 11 occupational groups and questionnaire responses regarding work-organization, environment, work stress, pain, health, and socio-demographic factors were collected. Employees with no history of sick-leave were compared with those with a history of sick-leave (1-182 days, mean 25 days). RESULTS: Of 2641 employees, 1961 participated. Those with no history of sick-leave reported less work-related pain, work-related stress, sleep disturbances, worry about their health, 'sick-presenteeism', monotonous work, bent and twisted working positions and exposure to disturbing noise than those with a history of sick-leave (P < 0.001). They also reported better health, support from superiors, having influence on their working hours and evening and week-end working, longer working hours per week (P < 0.001) and more regular physical training (P < 0.01). Socio-demographic factors were less important than gender, and differences in responses between occupational groups were also found. CONCLUSIONS: Workers without a history of sick-leave experienced less stress, sleep disturbances, worry about their own health and less neck, shoulder and back pain and more support from their superiors and influence on their working hours.

Using mobile clinics to deliver HIV testing and other basic health services in rural Malawi.

CONTEXT: The majority of Malawians are impoverished and primarily dependant on subsistence farming, with 85% of the population living in a rural area. The country is highly affected by HIV and under-resourced rural health centers struggle to meet the government's goal of expanding HIV testing, antiretroviral treatment, and other basic services. ISSUE: This report describes the work of two four-wheel drive mobile clinics launched in 2008 to fill an identified service gap in the remote areas of Mulanje District, Malawi. The program was developed by an international non-governmental organization, Global AIDS Interfaith Alliance (GAIA), and the Mulanje District Health Office, with funding from the Elizabeth Taylor HIV/AIDS Foundation. The clinics provide: (1) rapid HIV testing and treatment referral; (2) diagnosis and treatment of malaria; (3) sputum collection for TB screening; (4) diagnosis and treatment of sexually transmitted and opportunistic infections; and (5) pre-natal care. The clinic vehicles provide medical supplies and personnel (a clinical officer, nurse, and nurse aide) to set up clinics in community buildings such as churches or schools. LESSONS LEARNED: In such a project, the implementation process and schedule can be affected by medication, supply chain and infrastructural issues, as well as governmental and non-governmental requirements. Timelines should be sufficiently flexible to accommodate unexpected delays. Once established, service scheduling should be flexible and responsive; for instance, malaria treatment rather than HIV testing was most urgently needed in the season when these services were launched. Assessing the impact of healthcare delivery in Malawi is challenging. Although mobile clinic and the government Health Management Information System (HMIS) data were matched, inconsistent variables and gaps in data made direct comparisons difficult. Data collection was compromised by the competing demand of high patient volume; however, rather than reducing the burden on existing health centers, the data suggest that the mobile clinics provided services for people who otherwise may not have attended a health center. The GAIA mobile clinics were integrated into a catchment area through a community participation model, allowing point-of-care primary health services to be provided to thousands of people in remote rural villagers. Strong relationships have been forged with local community leaders and with Malawi Ministry of Health officers as the foundation for long-term sustainable engagement and eventual integration of services into Health Ministry programs.

Factors contributing to dehydration in nursing homes: inadequate staffing and lack of professional supervision.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the factors that influenced fluid intake among nursing home residents who were not eating well. DESIGN: A prospective, descriptive, anthropological study. SETTING: Two proprietary nursing homes with 105 and 138 beds, respectively. PARTICIPANTS: Forty nursing home residents. MEASUREMENTS: Participant observation, event analysis, bedside dysphagia screening, mental and functional status evaluation, assessment of level of family/advocate involvement, and chart review were used to collect data. Data were gathered on the amount of liquid served and consumed over a 3- day period. Daily fluid intake was compared with three established standards: Standard 1 (30 mL/kg body weight), Standard 2 (1 mL/kcal/energy consumed), and Standard 3 (100 mL/kg for the first 10 kg, 50 mL/kg for the next 10 kg, 15 mL/kg for the remaining kg). RESULTS: The residents' mean fluid intake was inadequate; 39 of the 40 residents consumed less than 1500 mL/day. Using three established standards, we found that the fluid intake was inadequate for nearly all of the residents. The amount of fluid consumed with and between meals was low. Some residents took no fluids for extended periods of time, which resulted in their fluid intake being erratic and inadequate even when it was resumed. Clinical (undiagnosed dysphagia, cognitive and functional impairment, lack of pain management), sociocultural (lack of social support, inability to speak English, and lack of attention to individual beverage preferences), and institutional factors (an inadequate number of knowledgeable staff and lack of supervision of certified nursing assistants by professional staff) contributed to low fluid intake. During the data collection, 25 of the 40 residents had illnesses/conditions that may have been related to dehydration. CONCLUSIONS: When staffing is inadequate and supervision is poor, residents with moderate to severe dysphagia, severe cognitive and functional impairment, aphasia or inability to speak English, and a lack of family or friends to assist them at mealtime are at great risk for dehydration. Adequate fluid intake can be achieved by simple interventions such as offering residents preferred liquids systematically and by having an adequate number of supervised staff help them to drink while properly positioned.

The effect of role-taking ability on caregiver-resident mealtime interaction.

In this qualitative study of mealtime in a nursing home, data were collected on the verbal and nonverbal interaction between certified nursing assistants (CNAs) and completely eating-dependent residents. Although some caregivers were seen to give care in a creative, empathetic manner, others were task-driven and mechanistic. The difference in caregiving was, in part, accounted for by the degree to which individual caregivers were able to engage in role taking, that is, the ability to see the world from the resident's perspective. Recommendations for enhancing role-taking ability include (a) asking caregivers to reflect on their own mealtime experiences, (b) encouraging staff to eat with residents, (c) having staff practice feeding one another, and (d) providing role modeling and supervision by professional nursing staff at mealtime.

A prospective study of the use of liquid oral dietary supplements in nursing homes.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the use of liquid oral dietary supplements among nursing home residents who were eating poorly and losing weight. DESIGN: A prospective, descriptive, anthropological study. SETTING: Two proprietary nursing homes with 105 and 138 beds. PARTICIPANTS: Purposive sampling was used to select 40 residents from among the 100 residents who were not eating well. Dietary data were collected on this sub-sample of 40 residents. MEASUREMENTS: Participant observation, in-depth interviews, event analysis, bedside dysphagia screenings, oral health examinations, body weight, body mass index (BMI), and chart review were used to collect data. Dietary data were collected over a 3-day period, and data were gathered on how supplements were ordered, served, and consumed. RESULTS: Supplements had been ordered for 29 of the subsample of 40 residents. Only nine of 29 residents were served the correct number and type of supplements as ordered by their physicians, and only two residents consumed the full amount of supplement as ordered. The overall mean percentage of supplement consumed compared with that ordered was 55.1%. Although supplements were ordered primarily to prevent weight loss and to facilitate weight gain, nearly half (n = 14) of the residents continued to lose weight. Supplements were ordered without investigating the underlying factors contributing to weight loss, such as inadequate staffing and lack of supervision at mealtime, undiagnosed dysphagia, and poor oral health. Without evaluation of these factors, it is unknown which residents might benefit from oral supplements. CONCLUSION: Findings indicate that supplements were used nonspecifically as an intervention for weight loss in nursing home residents without regard to dose, diagnosis and management of underlying problem(s), amount of supplement consumed, and outcome. Further research is needed to establish when supplements should be ordered, how to ensure that they will be taken, and whether they are effective.

[Changes in and acceptance of surgical and noninvasive therapy procedures in cholecystolithiasis]. / Wandel und Akzeptanz operativer und nichtinvasiver Therapieverfahren bei Cholezystolithiasis.

BACKGROUND: The treatment of cholecystolithiasis has changed fundamentally in recent years due to the development of non-surgical techniques (extracorporeal shockwave lithotripsy [ESWL], oral litholysis) and the implementation of laparoscopic cholecystectomy. PATIENTS AND RESULTS: Retrospective analysis of 2270 patients (1649 women, 621 men; age: 47.2 +/- 14 years) presenting with gallstone disorders in a university medical outpatients department between 1988 and 1992 in order to be instructed as to the most suitable therapy method bear witness to the rapid change in therapeutic procedure. Laparoscopic removal of the gallbladder has virtually supplanted conventional cholecystectomy, and within 5 years the proportionate role of ESWL has declined from 21 to 12%. Over the years, the proportion of patients requiring no therapeutic intervention remained constant (at about 20%). The therapeutic recommendations of the "experts" were implemented in almost 80% of cases. The majority of patients were satisfied with the chosen therapeutic approach (surgery: 93.0%, ESWL: 77.6%), although 44% of ESWL-patients and 36% of surgically managed patients reported complaints which persisted even after completion of therapy. Despite unsuccessful ESWL (residual fragments or recurrent stones) 58/95 (61%) of interviewed patients would again give preference to this non-invasive modality in the event of a renewed therapeutic decision. CONCLUSION: Only a few years after its introduction, laparoscopic cholecystectomy has asserted itself as the predominant treatment option. But as far as acceptance and preference by the patient are concerned extracorporeal shockwave lithotripsy--as a non-invasive treatment modality--also enjoys high popularity and can be recommended as an alternative to surgery in suitable patients chosen according to the currently established stringent selection criteria.

Strategies for conducting dental examinations among cognitively impaired nursing home residents.

Many nursing home residents have poor oral health and are in need of treatment. A major barrier to providing care is the difficulty of examining cognitively impaired elders. In two research studies, 625 exams were conducted on 181 nursing home residents, the majority of whom suffered severe cognitive impairment. Qualitative data collected during the course of these two studies revealed strategies that permitted examiners to conduct the examinations successfully, including developing rapport with the residents, providing a quiet environment, and enlisting the help of the primary caregiver. The importance of interdisciplinary collaboration among health professionals, especially dentists and nurses, is discussed.

An instrument to assess the oral health status of nursing home residents.

This article presents data from the development and testing of an instrument to evaluate the oral health of nursing home residents by nursing personnel (RNs, LVNs, and CNAs). After the instrument was developed, nursing staff were taught to do a brief oral health status examination (BOHSE). Using the instrument, a dentist examined 100 residents; the examination was repeated on the same residents by each category of nurse examiners. Correlation coefficients indicate that statistically significant interrater reliability between the three categories of nursing personnel and the dentist was established, suggesting that nursing staff can be taught to evaluate the oral health of residents. Replication of the study in multiple sites is recommended.

Lessons from the Canadian health care system.

In a recent poll, 89% of Americans stated that the U.S. health care system needs fundamental changes; 61% said they would prefer a system like Canada's to the system currently in place. How does the Canadian system work? How well has it served Canadian's health needs?