Impact of different typologies of smoking on ovarian reserve and oocyte quality in women performing ICSI cycles: an observational prospective study.

OBJECTIVE: Within the last few years smoking activities, as well as infertility, have increased in Italy, and so has the consumption of alternative cigarette devices among women of childbearing age. The aim of this observational study was to evaluate the impact of the consumption of cigarettes and alternatives devices, such as electronic cigarettes and heat-not-burn (HnB) products, on infertile women performing in vitro fertilization (IVF), in specific on the quality of oocytes retrieved in women performing intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) cycles. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Prospective observational longitudinal study involving 410 women referring to the Reproductive Physiopathology and Andrology Unit, Sandro Pertini Hospital, Rome, from 2019-2022. All the women enrolled filled out an elaborate questionnaire investigating smoking consumption, before the beginning of ovarian stimulation by antagonist protocol, ovarian pick-up, and subsequent ICSI technique. The outcomes of the study were the evaluation of clinical and ICSI features between the groups of smokers and non-smokers: the number of retrieved oocytes, immature oocytes, and fertilization rate were confronted between the two groups and between cigarette smokers vs. e-cigarette and heat-not-burn (HnB) products smokers. RESULTS: Clinical parameters were comparable between the group of smokers compared to one of the non-smokers, except for anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH), which was statistically lower in smokers (p<0.05). Regarding IVF hormonal stimulations it appears that the total dose of gonadotropin was statistically lower in the non-smoker's group, compared to smokers (1850±860 UI vs. 1,730±780 p<0.05). Regarding ICSI techniques interestingly the number of oocytes retrieved was lower in the smokers' group compared to non-smokers (5.21±0.9 vs. 6.55±3.5, p<0.001), and the number of empty zona pellucida oocytes was statistically higher in the smokers' group (0.51±0.1 vs. 0.2±0.1, p<0.05). On the other hand, the fertilization rate (FR) was statistically higher in non-smokers compared to the smokers' group (72.16±3.05 vs. 68.12±2.21, p=0.03). Out of the 203 smokers, overall, any statistically significant difference, regarding ICSI results, has been found between the group of cigarette smokers, compared to the group of e-cigarettes plus HnB products smokers. CONCLUSIONS: Smoking negatively impacts human fertility, leading to a reduction of ovarian reserve and ovarian quality, which can negatively impact results in women performing ICSI cycles. Despite the limitation of the study, our results underline that consumption of cigarette alternative devices seems to have a similar negative impact on the quantity and quality of oocytes retrieved in ICSI cycles. Clinicians should emphasize the reduction of exposure to harmful substances derived from the combustion of tobacco smoking, as well as alternative devices, in women of childbearing age.

4D-HyCoSy performed in a reproductive center: retrospective analysis of pain perception, complications and spontaneous pregnancy rate after the technique.

OBJECTIVE: Nowadays 4D hysterosalpingocontrast sonography (4D-HyCoSy) represents a primary technique in the evaluation of tubal impairment, with a low rate of pain referred and complications related, but its role in increasing the chance of spontaneous clinical pregnancy in women in childbearing age is still debated. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Retrospective study of 359 women performed 4D-HyCoSy at Reproductive Physiopathology and Andrology Unit, Sandro Pertini Hospital, Rome, during the period 2018-2020. INCLUSION CRITERIA: women attending our IVF (in vitro fertilization) center with at least 1 year of infertility. EXCLUSION CRITERIA: female age over 43 years, previously known severe tubal infertility, suspected anovulation, and semen abnormalities. PRIMARY OUTCOME: evaluation of tubal patency, complications related to technique, and pain perception evaluated thanks to a 10-cm visual analogue scale (VAS) Scale. SECONDARY OUTCOMES: clinical pregnancy rate (PR) after the technique confronted between the group of women with bilateral tubal patency (group A) with the group of monolateral tubal patency (group B) within 30 days and between 30-180 days, and 180 days-1 year from the exam. Time to pregnancy (TTP) and other obstetrical outcomes were evaluated too. RESULTS: The average age of the study's population was 33.3 years. Mean duration of infertility was 2.1 years. Complication rate was 6.4%, and in any case the use of ephedrine was required. 182 (50.6%) women reported absence of pain during the exam (VAS scale value 0) and 131 (36.5%), reported mild pain experience (VAS scale value between 1-4). Spontaneous pregnancy rate was of 29.3% in group A and 30.3% in group B; time to pregnancy was 32 ± 14.7 days in group A and 35 ± 13.1 days in group B. The insurgence of a spontaneous pregnancy was significantly lower for both 4D-HyCosy sub-groups after 30 days following technique respect to 30-180 days and 180 days-1 year following the technique (both p-value < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: We confirm that 4D-HyCoSy is a safe and user-friendly technique, used as first line assessment of tubal patency of women afferent to a reproductive center. We also reported a positive impact on spontaneous pregnancy rate in women performing 4D-HyCoSy, emphasized within the first following month. This mandatory technique for tubal investigation, has not only a function in the diagnostic assessment of female infertility, but also has a therapeutic role, in young women who desire a pregnancy, avoiding, in some cases, the need of IVF treatments and clinical risks linked, while saving medical and monetary resources.

Uterine fibroids treatment: do we have new valid alternative? Experiencing the combination of vitamin D plus epigallocatechin gallate in childbearing age affected women.

OBJECTIVE: Uterine myomas are the most common benign tumors in females, and at least 25% of affected patients experience symptoms severe enough to need treatment, like heavy hemorrhage, pelvic pain, and infertility. Currently, a non-invasive approach is preferred in women of childbearing age who desire pregnancy. The aim of our study was to determine the effect of oral supplementation with a combination of vitamin D plus epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) and vitamin B6 in women with myomas. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Between April and December 2020, we enrolled 95 women of childbearing age, afferent to our hospital, displaying at least one myoma with a diameter <4 cm. Patients were divided in two groups: 41 women were treated daily with two tablets of 25 µg vitamin D + 150 mg EGCG + 5 mg vitamin B6 for 4 months; 54 women, representing the control group, received no treatment. Total volume and vascularization of myomas were analyzed ultrasonographically. Bleeding and pelvic pain was also evaluated, as well as patients' quality of life and health through questionnaire Short Form Health Survey (SF-36) and Patient Global Impression of improvement (PGI-I). RESULTS: After treatment myomas' total volume and peripherical vascularization significantly decreased respectively by 37.9% (p<0.001) and 7.7%. On the other hand, we observed an increase in myomas' volume by 5.5 % and of peripherical vascularization by 5% in the control group. The treated group reported an improvement in SF-36 (p<0.001) and PGI-I (85.4%) questionnaire scores. CONCLUSIONS: We demonstrated, in young women who want to preserve fertility, that the combined supplementation of vitamin D, EGCG, and vitamin B6 reduced myomas' volume and improved patients' quality of life, without side effects.

Efficacy and safety of oral administration of a product based on hydroxytyrosol as preventive therapy for recurrent vulvo-vaginal candidosis: a prospective observational pilot study.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of the study is to evaluate the efficacy and safety of hydroxytyrosol for the prevention of the vulvar vaginal candida infections recurrence. PATIENTS AND METHODS: This study is a prospective observational pilot study. Eligible subjects were at least 18 years old, with at least 4 documented episodes of vulvovaginal candidiasis in the last 12 months. Patients were instructed to therapy (2 tabs daily for the first month and then 1 tab daily for 2 other months). Each capsule consists of hydroxytyrosol (HT) and other components: tea tree oil, tabebuia, juglans regia, and copper. Clinical and microbiological assessments took place at baseline and 12 weeks after. The impact on Quality of Life (QoL) was evaluated with the SF-36 and the Patient Global Impression of Improvement (PGI-I) after 3 months of treatment was calculated. RESULTS: Sixty patients were enrolled in the study. In the last 1 year the mean number of previous infections was 5.83 ± 2.76. Forty-nine patients (83%) did not have candida episodes during 3 months of treatment. A significant reduction in clinical symptoms, vaginal signs, such as pruritus, burning and vulvar erythema (< 0.0001). The SF-36 showed a significant change (55.67±8.43 vs. 84.56±11.56, p < 0.0001) and the total success at PGI-I was reported in 54 patients (90%). CONCLUSIONS: The HT-based product is effective and safe in preventing recurrent candida episodes and improves the quality of life and sexual function of treated women.

A medical device containing purified bovine colostrum (Monurelle Biogel) in the treatment of vulvovaginal atrophy in postmenopausal women: Retrospective analysis of urinary symptoms, sexual function, and quality of life.

OBJECTIVE: This study assessed the effectiveness and safety of a medical device containing purified bovine colostrum (Monurelle Biogel; Zambon, Bresso, Italy) in improving vulvovaginal atrophy (VVA), sexual function, urinary symptoms, and quality of life (QoL) in postmenopausal women. METHODS: In all, 172 postmenopausal women with VVA were included in the study. All women were treated with vaginal Monurelle Biogel daily for 12 weeks. Patients underwent clinical examinations, completed a 3-day voiding diary, and had VVA graded using the Vaginal Health Index (VHI) at baseline and 12 weeks. Patients also completed the Female Sexual Function Index (FSFI), overactive bladder questionnaire (OAB-Q), and the Urogenital Distress Inventory (UDI-6), among others. RESULTS: After 12 weeks, there were significant increases in mean (± SD) VHI (12.53 ± 3.67 vs. 19.31 ± 3.49; P < .0001), the number of patients engaging in regular sexual activity 102 (59.3%) vs. 144 (83.7%), and in the total FSFI score (21.64 ± 2.99 vs. 28.16 ± 1.93; P < .0001) compared with baseline. In addition, there were significant reductions in the mean number of 24-hour voids (9.57 ± 2.12 vs. 7.13 ± 1.22; P < .0001), urgent micturition episodes per 24 hours (1.75 ± 0.76 vs. 1.14 ± 0.87; P = .001), nocturia episodes (1.58 ± 0.85 vs. 0.97 ± 1.18; P = .0002), and urinary incontinence episodes per 24 hours (0.74 ± 0.59 vs. 0.28 ± 0.52; P = .003). Finally, after 12 weeks treatment, there were significant differences in UDI-6 (7.85 ± 0.81 vs. 5.56 ± 1.40), OAB-Q symptom (53.60 ± 12.57 vs. 22.08 ± 9.63), and OAB-Q health-related QoL (21.75 ± 8.51 vs. 69.34 ± 14.59) scores compared with baseline (P < .0001 for all). The Patient Impression of Global Improvement scale revealed global improvement in 143 women (83.14%). CONCLUSIONS: Monurelle Biogel is an effective treatment for VVA in postmenopausal women, improving sexual life, urinary symptoms, and QoL.

[A model of intervention on company canteens to promote healthy diet]. / Un modello di intervento sulle mense aziendali per promuovere l'alimentazione corretta.

The Workplace Health Promotion project, operating in the precinct of the Local Health Authority of Bergamo, contemplates that the partaking Companies should develop specific activities ("good practices") in the thematic area of proper nutrition. Six best practices have been defined on the basis of: contextual data, actions deemed most effective by the scientific publications, the "Guidelines for a healthy diet for the Italian, population" released by the Italian National Research Institute for Food and Nutrition the "Directions for healthy snacks for adults" elaborated by the Italian Association of Dietetics and Clinical Nutrition, and the national project "Gaining Health". Twenty-six Companies have chosen to implement good practices in the area of proper nutrition. The results of the undertaken actions have been measured at the first Company which participated in this program, and have been obtained through the administration of a pre- and postintervention questionnaire. The collected data show the efficacy of the proposed practices in modifying some incorrect dietary habits.

[Highly active antiretroviral therapy in HIV sero-positive children. Disease progression by baseline clinical, immunological and virological status]. / Tratamiento antirretroviral de gran actividad en niños VIH positivos. Evolución de la enfermedad relacionada con parámetros clínicos, inmunológicos y virológicos al comienzo del tratamiento.

INTRODUCTION: Highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) has been administered to children infected with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) since 1996. This kind of therapy is effective in achieving viral suppression and stopping disease progression but prolonged administration increases the risk of toxic effects, favours the onset of viral resistance and leads to decreased adherence. The aim of the present study was to determine prognostic factors among clinical, immunological and virological parameters at the beginning of HAART. POPULATION AND METHODS: We performed a prospective-retrospective observational analysis of a cohort or 564 HIV+ children assisted in Hospitals of Buenos Aires and Rosario, Argentina, treated with HAART since 1998 (media of treatment: 46.78 months. Range: 2-91 months). Patients were divided in groups according to age (younger or older than one year), and outcome (favourable or unfavourable). Stage, CD4 lymphocytes percentage, CD4 lymphocyte cell count and viral load at the beginning of treatment were analyzed with outcome by means of chi(2) tests, and logistic regression. RESULTS: No differences were observed on the percentage of CD4 T cells and viral load at baseline, between children under one year of age with good (n= 79) or bad outcomes (n= 4). Among older children (450 with good outcome, 31 with unfavourable), the following were identified as predictors of bad outcome: HAART initiation during stage C (p= 0.006), CD4 T-cell percentage below 15 percent (p< 0.001) and CD4 absolute value below 500 cells/mm(3) (p= 0.003). CONCLUSIONS: Children older than one year will have better outcome when HAART is initiated before stage C, with more than 15% CD4 or more than 500 cells/mm(3).

Tratamiento antirretroviral de gran actividad en niños VIH positivos: evolución de la enfermedad relacionada con parámetros clínicos, inmunológicos y virológicos al comienzo del tratamiento / Highly active antiretroviral therapy in HIV sero-positive children: disease progression by baseline clinical, immunological and virological status

Introducción. Desde 1996, los niños infectados por el virus de la inmunodeficiencia humana reciben tratamientos antirretrovirales denominados de gran actividad (TARGA). El inicio tardío puede restarle eficacia; la administración prolongada aumenta el riesgo de episodios adversos y desarrollo de resistencia, y dificulta la adherencia. Nuestro objetivo fue establecer si existe relación entre los parámetros clínicos, inmunológicos y virológicos al inicio del tratamiento TARGA, y la evolución de los pacientes. Población, material y métodos. Estudio retrospectivo-prospectivo observacional de una cohorte de niños VIH positivos tratados con TARGA a partir de 1998 (n= 564) en hospitales de Buenos Aires y Rosario (promedio de tratamiento: 46,78 meses. Intervalo: 2-91 meses). Se los agrupó según edad (menor o mayor de un año) y evolución (favorable o desfavorable). Se correlacionaron el estadio clínico, porcentaje de linfocitos CD4 y carga viral al comienzo del tratamiento con la evolución. Resultados. No hubo diferencias entre porcentaje y recuento de CD4 y carga viral al inicio entre los niños menores de un año con buena (n= 79) o mala evolución (n: 4). Entre los niños mayores (450 con buena evolución, 31 con evolución desfavorable), fueron predictores de mala evolución al iniciar TARGA, el compromiso clínico grave (estadio C) (p= 0,006), CD4 menor 15 por ciento (p< 0,001) y recuento de CD4 menor de 500 células/mm3 (p= 0,003). Conclusiones. Los niños mayores de un año tienen mejor pronóstico cuando empiezan tratamiento en estadios previos al C, con CD4 > 15 por ciento o más de 500 células CD4/mm3.(AU)

Tratamiento antirretroviral de gran actividad en niños VIH positivos: evolución de la enfermedad relacionada con parámetros clínicos, inmunológicos y virológicos al comienzo del tratamiento / Highly active antiretroviral therapy in HIV sero-positive children: disease progression by baseline clinical, immunological and virological status

Introducción. Desde 1996, los niños infectados por el virus de la inmunodeficiencia humana reciben tratamientos antirretrovirales denominados de gran actividad (TARGA). El inicio tardío puede restarle eficacia; la administración prolongada aumenta el riesgo de episodios adversos y desarrollo de resistencia, y dificulta la adherencia. Nuestro objetivo fue establecer si existe relación entre los parámetros clínicos, inmunológicos y virológicos al inicio del tratamiento TARGA, y la evolución de los pacientes. Población, material y métodos. Estudio retrospectivo-prospectivo observacional de una cohorte de niños VIH positivos tratados con TARGA a partir de 1998 (n= 564) en hospitales de Buenos Aires y Rosario (promedio de tratamiento: 46,78 meses. Intervalo: 2-91 meses). Se los agrupó según edad (menor o mayor de un año) y evolución (favorable o desfavorable). Se correlacionaron el estadio clínico, porcentaje de linfocitos CD4 y carga viral al comienzo del tratamiento con la evolución. Resultados. No hubo diferencias entre porcentaje y recuento de CD4 y carga viral al inicio entre los niños menores de un año con buena (n= 79) o mala evolución (n: 4). Entre los niños mayores (450 con buena evolución, 31 con evolución desfavorable), fueron predictores de mala evolución al iniciar TARGA, el compromiso clínico grave (estadio C) (p= 0,006), CD4 menor 15 por ciento (p< 0,001) y recuento de CD4 menor de 500 células/mm3 (p= 0,003). Conclusiones. Los niños mayores de un año tienen mejor pronóstico cuando empiezan tratamiento en estadios previos al C, con CD4 > 15 por ciento o más de 500 células CD4/mm3.

Vision related quality of life in multiple sclerosis: correlation with new measures of low and high contrast letter acuity.

OBJECTIVE: To examine the relation between low contrast letter acuity, a new visual function test for multiple sclerosis (MS) trials, and vision targeted health related quality of life (HRQOL). METHODS: Patients in this cross sectional study were part of an ongoing investigation of visual function in MS. Patients were tested binocularly using low contrast letter acuity and Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study (ETDRS) visual acuity (VA) charts. The 25 Item National Eye Institute Visual Functioning Questionnaire (NEI-VFQ-25), 10 Item Neuro-Ophthalmic Supplement to the NEI-VFQ-25, Impact of Visual Impairment Scale and Short Form 36 Health Survey (SF-36) were administered. RESULTS: Among 167 patients, mean age was 48 (10) years, with median Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS) 2.0 (range 1.0-7.5), and median binocular Snellen acuity equivalent (ETDRS charts) 20/16 (range 20/12.5 to 20/100). Reductions in vision specific HRQOL were associated with lower (worse) scores for low contrast letter acuity and VA (p<0.001, linear regression, accounting for age). Two line differences in visual function were associated, on average, with >4 point (6.7-10.9 point) worsening in the NEI-VFQ-25 composite score, reductions that are considered clinically meaningful. Scores for the 10 Item Neuro-Ophthalmic Supplement to the NEI-VFQ-25 also correlated well with visual function. Associations between reduced low contrast acuity and worse vision targeted HRQOL remained significant in models accounting for high contrast VA, EDSS and history of acute optic neuritis. CONCLUSIONS: Low contrast letter acuity scores correlate well with HRQOL in MS. Two line differences in scores for low contrast acuity and VA reflect clinically meaningful differences in vision targeted HRQOL. Low contrast acuity testing provides information on patient reported aspects of vision, supporting use of these measures in MS clinical trials.

Relation of vision to global and regional brain MRI in multiple sclerosis.

OBJECTIVE: To examine the relation between low-contrast letter acuity, an emerging visual outcome for multiple sclerosis (MS) clinical trials, and brain MRI abnormalities in an MS cohort. METHODS: T2 lesion volume and brain parenchymal fraction were determined for whole brain and within visual pathway regions of interest. Magnetization transfer ratio histograms were examined. Vision testing was performed binocularly using low-contrast letter acuity (2.5%, 1.25% contrast) and high-contrast visual acuity (VA). Linear regression, accounting for age and disease duration, was used to assess the relation between vision and MRI measures. RESULTS: Patients (n = 45) were aged 44 +/- 11 years, with disease duration of 5 years (range <1 to 21), Expanded Disability Status Scale score of 2.0 (0 to 6.0), and binocular Snellen acuity of 20/16 (20/12.5 to 20/25). The average T2 lesion volume was 18.5 mm(3). Patients with lower (worse) low-contrast letter acuity and high-contrast VA scores had greater T2 lesion volumes in whole brain (2.5% contrast: p = 0.004; 1.25%: p = 0.002; VA: p = 0.04), Area 17 white matter (2.5%: p < 0.001; 1.25%: p = 0.02; VA: p = 0.01), and optic radiations (2.5%: p = 0.001; 1.25%: p = 0.02; VA: p = 0.007). Within whole brain, a 3-mm(3) increase in lesion volume corresponded, on average, to a 1-line worsening of low-contrast acuity, whereas 1-line worsening of high-contrast acuity corresponded to a 5.5-mm(3) increase. CONCLUSIONS: Low-contrast letter acuity scores correlate well with brain MRI lesion burden in multiple sclerosis (MS), supporting validity for this vision test as a candidate for clinical trials. Disease in the postgeniculate white matter is a likely contributor to visual dysfunction in MS that may be independent of acute optic neuritis history.

Validation and test characteristics of a 10-item neuro-ophthalmic supplement to the NEI-VFQ-25.

PURPOSE: To determine whether a 10-Item Neuro-Ophthalmic Supplement increases the capacity of the 25-Item National Eye Institute Visual Function Questionnaire (NEI-VFQ-25) to capture self-reported visual dysfunction in patients with neuro-ophthalmologic disorders. DESIGN: A cross-sectional survey to examine the characteristics of a 10-Item Neuro-Ophthalmic Supplement to the 25-Item NEI-VFQ-25 in a cohort of patients with neuro-ophthalmologic disorders. METHODS: The 10-Item Neuro-Ophthalmic Supplement was designed previously by our research group by survey and focus-group methods. In the present study, the NEI-VFQ-25 and 10-Item Supplement were administered concurrently to patients and disease-free control subjects. High-contrast visual acuities with patient usual distance correction were measured with the use of Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study (ETDRS) charts. RESULTS: Diagnoses for patients (n = 215) included optic neuritis, multiple sclerosis, idiopathic intracranial hypertension, ischemic optic neuropathy, stroke, ocular myasthenia gravis, ocular motor palsies, and thyroid eye disease. Scores for the 10-Item Supplement had a significant capacity to distinguish patients vs disease-free control subjects that was independent of the NEI-VFQ-25 composite score (odds ratio in favor of patient vs control status for 10-point worsening in Supplement scores: 2.7 [95% confidence interval [CI], 1.6, 4.6]; P < .001, logistic regression models that account for NEI-VFQ-25 composite score, age, and gender). Patients with visual dysfunction (binocular Snellen equivalents worse than 20/20) had significantly lower mean scores (9-21 points lower); these differences remained significant after accounting for age and gender (P >or= .001, linear regression). Supplement items and composite scores demonstrated appropriate degrees of internal consistency reliability. CONCLUSION: The 10-Item Neuro-Ophthalmic Supplement demonstrates a capacity to capture self-reported visual dysfunction beyond that of the NEI-VFQ-25 alone, which supports validity for this new scale. The use of the 10-Item Supplement in clinical trials and epidemiologic studies will examine its capacity to demonstrate treatment effects in longitudinal cohorts.

Relation of visual function to retinal nerve fiber layer thickness in multiple sclerosis.

PURPOSE: To examine the relation of visual function to retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) thickness as a structural biomarker for axonal loss in multiple sclerosis (MS), and to compare RNFL thickness among MS eyes with a history of acute optic neuritis (MS ON eyes), MS eyes without an optic neuritis history (MS non-ON eyes), and disease-free control eyes. DESIGN: Cross-sectional study. PARTICIPANTS: Patients with MS (n = 90; 180 eyes) and disease-free controls (n = 36; 72 eyes). METHODS: Retinal never fiber layer thickness was measured using optical coherence tomography (OCT; fast RNFL thickness software protocol). Vision testing was performed for each eye and binocularly before OCT scanning using measures previously shown to capture dysfunction in MS patients: (1) low-contrast letter acuity (Sloan charts, 2.5% and 1.25% contrast levels at 2 m) and (2) contrast sensitivity (Pelli-Robson chart at 1 m). Visual acuity (retroilluminated Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy charts at 3.2 m) was also measured, and protocol refractions were performed. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Retinal nerve fiber layer thickness measured by OCT, and visual function test results. RESULTS: Although median Snellen acuity equivalents were better than 20/20 in both groups, RNFL thickness was reduced significantly among eyes of MS patients (92 mum) versus controls (105 mum) (P<0.001) and particularly was reduced in MS ON eyes (85 mum; P<0.001; accounting for age and adjusting for within-patient intereye correlations). Lower visual function scores were associated with reduced average overall RNFL thickness in MS eyes; for every 1-line decrease in low-contrast letter acuity or contrast sensitivity score, the mean RNFL thickness decreased by 4 mum. CONCLUSIONS: Scores for low-contrast letter acuity and contrast sensitivity correlate well with RNFL thickness as a structural biomarker, supporting validity for these visual function tests as secondary clinical outcome measures for MS trials. These results also suggest a role for ocular imaging techniques such as OCT in trials that examine neuroprotective and other disease-modifying therapies. Although eyes with a history of acute optic neuritis demonstrate the greatest reductions in RNFL thickness, MS non-ON eyes have less RNFL thickness than controls, suggesting the occurrence of chronic axonal loss separate from acute attacks in MS patients.

Craneoestenosis: Modalidad de atención postquirurgica en un area de cuidados intermedios / Craniostenosis: Postsurgical care in a moderate care unit

La craneoestenosis es una anomalía congénita en la cual una o más suturas se fusionan prematuramente, generando una forma anormal del cráneo. Sin tratamiento, puede producir hipertensión endocraneana, pérdida visual, epilepsia y retraso madurativo además del compromiso estético. Su resolución es quirúrgica, en lo posible dentro de los primeros meses de vida. La recuperación posquirúrgica inmediata se realiza habitualmente en unidades de cuidados intensivos (UCI). El objetivo del presente estudio es analizar mediante una evaluación prospectiva y longitudinal la atención de pacientes operados de craneoestenosis en una unidad de cuidados intermedios y moderados (CIM). Se elaboró un protocolo de atención y se capacitó al personal médico y de enfermería. Criterios de inclusión: posquirúrgico de craneoestenosis simple, edad menor de 36 meses, cumplimiento de un período de estabilización hemodinámica en sala de recuperación anestésica. Criterios de exclusión: inestabilidad hemodinámica, y/o respiratoria, complicaciones intra quirurgicas, alto requerimiento transfusional intra quirúrgico, arritmias. Se analizaron los resultados mediante el programa Epi info 6.0. Cumplieron los criterios de inclusión 44 pacientes, mediana de edad 9 meses (rango 3 menos 36). Los diagnósticos más frecuentes fueron escafocefalia n=31p y plagiocefalia n=9p. El procedimiento quirúrgico más utilizado fue la sagitectomía n=27p. La complicación más frecuente fue anemia (98 por ciento de los pacientes). Otras complicaciones: colección hemática subgaleal (11.4 por ciento), dolor (9 por ciento), hipotermia y acidosis metábolica (9 por ciento). No hubo muertes ni infecciones del sistema nervioso central. La estadia media fue de 4 dias. Conclusiones: Mediante la modalidad implementada, los pacientes que cursan el posquirúrgico de craneoestenosis pueden ser atendidos en CIM, permitiendo la internación conjunta con los padres y optimizando la utilizacion de plazas de UCI

Impacto del tratamiento antirretroviral de alta eficacia en las características de las internaciones de los niños VIH positivos / The impact of high activity antiretroviral therapy in the characteristics of the admissions of HIV positive children

En 1998, los niños con VIH positivos atendidos en el Hospital de Pediatría Prof Dr J.P. Garrahan, comenzaron a res tratados con los nuevos esquemas de tratamiento antirretroviral llamados de alta eficacia (HAART). Los estudios realizados para evaluar estos tratamientos, muestran una disminución en la morbimortalidad tantos en los adultos como en los niños tratados. Con el objeto de evaluar el impacto de los cambios producidos por los HAART en los patrones de internación, se realizó un estudio retrospectivo y transversal comparando el trienio previo a su introducción con el posterio, en el que paulatinamente se iniciaba el tratamiento en los niños de la cohorte. Enel segundo período se observó una reducción del 38 por ciento del riesgo relativo (RR) de internación, menor tiempo de estadía (17 vs 9 días) y una disminución de la mortalidad intrahospitalaria (Riesgo relativo) de morir después de la introducción de HAART: 0.46; IC 95 por ciento: 0.24

Impacto del tratamiento antirretroviral de alta eficacia en las características de las internaciones de los niños VIH positivos / The impact of high activity antiretroviral therapy in the characteristics of the admissions of HIV positive children

En 1998, los niños con VIH positivos atendidos en el Hospital de Pediatría Prof Dr J.P. Garrahan, comenzaron a res tratados con los nuevos esquemas de tratamiento antirretroviral llamados de alta eficacia (HAART). Los estudios realizados para evaluar estos tratamientos, muestran una disminución en la morbimortalidad tantos en los adultos como en los niños tratados. Con el objeto de evaluar el impacto de los cambios producidos por los HAART en los patrones de internación, se realizó un estudio retrospectivo y transversal comparando el trienio previo a su introducción con el posterio, en el que paulatinamente se iniciaba el tratamiento en los niños de la cohorte. Enel segundo período se observó una reducción del 38 por ciento del riesgo relativo (RR) de internación, menor tiempo de estadía (17 vs 9 días) y una disminución de la mortalidad intrahospitalaria (Riesgo relativo) de morir después de la introducción de HAART: 0.46; IC 95 por ciento: 0.24

Contrast letter acuity as a visual component for the Multiple Sclerosis Functional Composite.

BACKGROUND: Visual dysfunction is one of the most common causes of disability in multiple sclerosis (MS). The Multiple Sclerosis Functional Composite (MSFC), a new clinical trial outcome measure, does not currently include a test of visual function. OBJECTIVE: To examine contrast letter acuity as a candidate visual function test for the MSFC. METHODS: Binocular contrast letter acuity testing (Sloan charts) was performed in a subgroup of participants from the International Multiple Sclerosis Secondary Progressive Avonex Controlled Trial (IMPACT Substudy) and in MS patients and disease-free control subjects from a cross-sectional study of visual outcome measures (Multiple Sclerosis Vision Prospective cohort [MVP cohort]). High-contrast visual acuity was measured in both studies; MVP cohort participants underwent additional binocular testing for contrast sensitivity (Pelli-Robson chart), color vision (D-15 desaturated test), and visual field (Esterman test, Humphrey Field Analyzer II). RESULTS: Contrast letter acuity (Sloan charts, p < 0.0001, receiver operating characteristic curve analysis) and contrast sensitivity (Pelli-Robson chart, p = 0.003) best distinguished MS patients from disease-free control subjects in the MVP cohort. Correlations of Sloan chart scores with MSFC and Expanded Disability Statue Scale (EDSS) scores in both studies were significant and moderate in magnitude, demonstrating that Sloan chart scores reflect visual and neurologic dysfunction not entirely captured by the EDSS or MSFC. CONCLUSIONS: Among clinical measures, contrast letter acuity (Sloan charts) and contrast sensitivity (Pelli-Robson chart) demonstrate the greatest capacity to identify binocular visual dysfunction in MS. Sloan chart testing also captures unique aspects of neurologic dysfunction not captured by current EDSS or MSFC components, making it a strong candidate visual function test for the MSFC.

Skin reactivity to sodium lauryl sulfate in patients with respiratory atopy.

BACKGROUND: No literature data are available on the skin reactivity of patients with respiratory atopy alone. OBJECTIVE: Our purpose was to assess skin reactivity to detergents in patients with allergic asthma, rhinitis, or both. METHODS: The skin of the volar aspect of the forearm of 19 subjects with allergic asthma or rhinitis (or both) was challenged with a single exposure to 0.5% sodium lauryl sulfate. The skin response was evaluated by transepidermal water loss (TEWL), capacitance, and echogenicity measurements. Results were compared with those obtained in 19 patients with atopic dermatitis (AD) and 20 healthy subjects. RESULTS: In patients with AD preexposure TEWL values were higher than in healthy subjects, whereas capacitance values were lower. In this patient group, postexposure TEWL, capacitance, and echogenicity values showed more pronounced variations than in healthy subjects. Conversely, in patients with allergic asthma or rhinitis (or both), both baseline and postexposure TEWL, capacitance, and echogenicity values were similar to those in healthy subjects. CONCLUSION: Patients with respiratory atopy without AD do not have the functional abnormalities characteristic of skin affected by AD, either under baseline conditions or after exposure to sodium lauryl sulfate.

Ultrasound description and quantification of irritant reactions induced by dithranol at different concentrations. A comparison with visual assessment and colorimetric measurements.

Dithranol (D) is used as a therapeutic topical agent to treat psoriasis, although it produces inflammation and staining of skin and clothing. D-induced irritation has been evaluated by visual scoring and by bioengineering techniques, evidencing modifications of the inflammatory parameters, but no alterations of the skin barrier. The aim of our study was to evaluate the irritant reactions induced by D using ultrasound, and to compare the B-scanning data with visual assessments and colorimetric measurements. 13 healthy women underwent 2, 3-h patch tests with, respectively, 0.02% and 0.1% D in white petrolatum and 1 24-h patch test with 2% sodium lauryl sulfate (SLS). For assessing skin reactions, clinical judgement, colorimetry and echography were employed. Echographic images were evaluated by skin thickness measurements and segmentation procedures, using an 0-30 interval, marking the hyporeflecting areas in the dermis, and a 201-255 interval, assessing the hyperreflecting components of the image (both epidermal and dermal). In all subjects, D produced uniform reactions, the intensity varying according to concentration. Both echographic parameters of inflammation (skin thickness and 0-30 areas) showed an increase at all times of assessment. The 201-255D/0-30 pixel ratio, describing the distribution of dermal edema, indicated that strong inflammatory reactions, such as those caused by the application of 0.1% D, are accompanied by edema in the lower portion of the dermis. Finally, in contrast to SLS reactions, where a 24-h reduction in epidermal reflectivity was observable, D reactions appeared with an accentuation of the 201-255 epidermal band at 24-96-h examinations.