Does intraocular straylight predict night driving visual performance? Correlations between straylight levels and contrast sensitivity, halo size, and hazard recognition distance with and without glare.

Purpose: To evaluate the relationship between intraocular straylight perception and: (i) contrast sensitivity (CS), (ii) halo size, and (iii) hazard recognition distance, in the presence and absence of glare. Subjects and methods: Participants were 15 (5 female) ophthalmologically healthy adults, aged 54.6-80.6 (median: 67.2) years. Intraocular straylight (log s) was measured using a straylight meter (C-Quant; Oculus GmbH, Wetzlar, Germany). CS with glare was measured clinically using the Optovist I device (Vistec Inc., Olching, Germany) and also within a driving simulator using Landolt Cs. These were presented under both static or dynamic viewing conditions, and either with or without glare. Hazard detection distance was measured for simulated obstacles of varying contrast. For this, the participant was required to maintain a speed of 60 km/h within a custom-built nighttime driving simulator. Glare was simulated by LED arrays, moved by cable robots to mimic an oncoming car's headlights. Halo size ("halometry") was measured by moving Landolt Cs outward originating from the center of a static glare source. The outcome measure from "halometry" was the radius of the halo (angular extent, in degrees visual angle). Results: The correlation between intraocular straylight perception, log s, and hazard recognition distance under glare was poor for the low contrast obstacles (leading/subdominant eye: r = 0.27/r = 0.34). Conversely, log CS measured with glare strongly predicted hazard recognition distances under glare. This was true both when log CS was measured using a clinical device (Optovist I: r = 0.93) and within the driving simulator, under static (r = 0.69) and dynamic (r = 0.61) conditions, and also with "halometry" (r = 0.70). Glare reduced log CS and hazard recognition distance for almost all visual function parameters. Conclusion: Intraocular straylight was a poor predictor of visual function and driving performance within this experiment. Conversely, CS was a strong predictor of both hazard recognition and halo extent. The presence of glare and motion lead to a degradation of CS in a driving simulator. Future studies are necessary to evaluate the effectiveness of all above-mentioned vision-related parameters for predicting fitness to drive under real-life conditions.

Contrast Sensitivity and Night Driving in Older People: Quantifying the Relationship Between Visual Acuity, Contrast Sensitivity, and Hazard Detection Distance in a Night-Time Driving Simulator.

Purpose: (i) To assess how well contrast sensitivity (CS) predicts night-time hazard detection distance (a key component of night driving ability), in normally sighted older drivers, relative to a conventional measure of high contrast visual acuity (VA); (ii) To evaluate whether CS can be accurately quantified within a night driving simulator. Materials and Methods: Participants were 15 (five female) ophthalmologically healthy adults, aged 55-81 years. CS was measured in a driving simulator using Landolt Cs, presented under static or dynamic driving conditions, and with or without glare. In the dynamic driving conditions, the participant was asked to simultaneously maintain a (virtual) speed of 60 km/h on a country road. In the with glare conditions, two calibrated LED arrays, moved by cable robots, simulated the trajectories and luminance characteristics of the (low beam) headlights of an approaching car. For comparison, CS was also measured clinically (with and without glare) using a Optovist I instrument (Vistec Inc., Olching, Germany). Visual acuity (VA) thresholds were also assessed at high and low contrast using the Freiburg Visual Acuity Test (FrACT) under photopic conditions. As a measure of driving performance, median hazard detection distance (MHDD) was computed, in meters, across three kinds of simulated obstacles of varying contrast. Results: Contrast sensitivity and low contrast VA were both significantly associated with driving performance (both P < 0.01), whereas conventional high contrast acuity was not (P = 0.10). There was good correlation (P < 0.01) between CS measured in the driving simulator and a conventional clinical instrument (Optovist I). As expected, CS was shown to decrease in the presence of glare, in dynamic driving conditions, and as a function of age (all P < 0.01). Conclusion: Contrast sensitivity and low contrast VA predict night-time hazard detection ability in a manner that conventional high contrast VA does not. Either may therefore provide a useful metric for assessing fitness to drive at night, particularly in older individuals. CS measurements can be made within a driving simulator, and the data are in good agreement with conventional clinical methods (Optovist I).

Benchmarking Visual Performance with Monofocal Intraocular Lenses with and without Enhanced Optical Properties in a Nighttime Driving Simulator Environment: A Proof-of-Concept Study. / Vergleich der Sehleistung mit monofokalen Intraokularlinsen mit und ohne verbesserte optische Eigenschaften in einem Nachtfahrsimulator: eine Proof-of-Concept-Studie.

BACKGROUND: The purpose of this study is to introduce a method for benchmarking intraocular lenses during driving activities under highly standardized conditions, specifically with regard to visual acuity (VA) and contrast sensitivity (CS). Therefore, patients with intraocular lens (IOL) implants ICB00 (Tecnis Eyhance, Johnson & Johnson, Santa Ana, CA, USA) vs. CNA0T0 (Clareon, Alcon Laboratories Inc., Fort Worth, TX, USA) were examined clinically and in a nighttime driving simulator. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Clinical tests for high (HCVA), low contrast (LCVA) distant VA, and mesopic CS were conducted in subjects at least 2 months after binocular IOL surgery (inclusion criteria: VA > 20/25, ophthalmologically normal, except cataract surgery). All patients completed a straight driving simulator route. VA, CS, and halo size were assessed binocularly during nighttime driving using eight-position Landolt Cs in four different locations and two (far and intermediate) distances. RESULTS: Results are presented as median/interquartile range: ICB00 data (corresponding CNA0T0 data are shown in brackets): 5 (6) subjects, aged 69.6/8.3 (71.1/13.0) years were enrolled. Clinical tests: logMAR HCVA 0.11/0.39 (0.00/0.51), logMAR LCVA 0.78/0.52 (0.80/0.54); logCS without glare 0.50/0.31 (0.30/0.65), logCS with glare 0.20/0.15 (0.20/0.5). Nighttime driving simulator: logMAR VA thresholds for right roadside, dashboard, navigation screen, and interior rear-view mirror were 0.50/0.06 (0.57/0.22), 0.81/0.07 (0.91/0.14), 0.80/0.17 (0.92/0.27), 0.50/0.11 (0.63/0.26); logCS thresholds were1.53/0.67 (1.00/0.81), 0.82/0.11 (0.61/0.19), 0.71/0.14 (0.50/0.15), 0.87/0.07 (0.81/0.11). Halo size: 5.40°/0.89° (5.88°/2.00°). CONCLUSIONS: Within a nighttime driving simulator environment, ICB00 exceeded CNA0T0 in median logMAR (VA) and logCS by 0.1 log unit at intermediate distances (dashboard, navigation screen). The clinical test for far and remote distances did not show a difference. These results confirm benefits of monofocal IOLs with enhanced optical properties for intermediate distances compared to conventional monofocal lenses within the target medium distance ranges.

Three-Year Changes in Visual Function in the Placebo Group of a Randomized Double-Blind International Multicenter Safety Study: Analysis of Electroretinography, Perimetry, Color Vision, and Visual Acuity in Individuals With Chronic Stable Angina Pectoris.

Purpose: To determine whether significant deteriorations in objective (electroretinography [ERG]) and subjective (standard automated and semi-automated kinetic perimetry; color discrimination; and best-corrected visual acuity) tests of visual function, potentially attributable to aging, occurred in the group randomized to placebo of a 3-year prospective multicenter ocular safety study of ivabradine for chronic stable angina pectoris. Methods: The multicenter trial was conducted at 11 international ophthalmic centers. Changes in visual function between baseline and month 36 were analyzed by means of a two-tailed Wilcoxon signed-rank test, based on the Hodges and Lehman estimator of the median difference, with the 95% confidence intervals derived by Walsh averages. Results: Thirty-eight participants from the placebo group completed the study (mean [SD], age, 62.7 [8.1] years). The group exhibited in each eye small, but statistically significant, reductions in the amplitudes of the dark-adapted (DA) ERG 3.0 a-wave, and light-adapted (LA) 3.0 b-wave, as well as increases in peak time for the DA 0.01 b-wave, DA 3.0 a-wave, LA 3.0 b-wave, and LA 3.0 30-Hz flicker response and in the isopter area I3e of the visual field. Conclusions: Statistically significant deteriorations occurred in visual function over a period of 3 years, potentially attributable to age, within a group of individuals with chronic stable angina pectoris and unremarkable ophthalmological findings other than those attributable to age. Translational Relevance: A longitudinal correction factor for age-related change in visual function may be useful in future trials to determine whether an observed deterioration in visual function is related to intervention or to aging.

Response time and response time variability as indicators of response quality during static automated perimetry.

PURPOSE: Perimetry is a both demanding and strenuous examination method that is often accompanied by signs of fatigue, leading to false responses and thus incorrect results. Therefore, it is essential to monitor the response quality. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the response time (RT) and its variability (RTV) as quality indicators during static automated perimetry. METHODS: Size III Goldmann stimuli (25.7') were shown with the OCTOPUS 900 perimeter in four visual field locations with 13 different stimulus luminance levels (0.04-160 cd/m2). An increased rate of false-positive and false-negative catch trials (25% each) served to monitor the response quality simultaneously together with response time recording. Data evaluation was divided into global and individual analysis. For global analysis, the agreement indices (AI, agreement between time periods with an increased number of false responses to catch trials and time periods with pathological response to time-based values set into relation to time periods in which only one of the two criteria was considered pathological) and for individual analysis, the Spearman correlation coefficients were calculated. Ophthalmologically normal subjects with a visual acuity ≥ 0.8, and a maximum spherical/cylindrical ametropia of ± 8.00/2.50 dpt were included. RESULTS: Forty-eight subjects (18 males, 30 females, age 22-78 years) were examined. The total number of false responses to catch trials was (median/maximum): 6/82. RT and RTV were compared to the occurrence of incorrect responses to catch trials. The resulting individual Spearman correlation coefficients (median/maximum) were for RT: ρRT = 0.05/0.35 and for RTV: ρRTV = 0.27/0.61. The global analysis of the RTV showed agreement indices (median/maximum) of AIRTV = 0.14/0.47. CONCLUSIONS: According to this study, an increased portion of catch trials is suitable as a verification tool for possible response quality indicators. The RTV is a promising parameter for indicating the response quality.

Dissociation between red and white stimulus perception: A perimetric quantification of protanopic color vision deficiencies.

SIGNIFICANCE: Horizontal visual field extension was assessed for red and white stimuli in subjects with protanopia using semi-automated kinetic perimetry. In contrast to a conventional anomaloscope, the "red/white dissociation ratio" (RWR) allows to describe protanopia numerically. For the majority of subjects with protanopia a restriction for faint red stimuli was found. PURPOSE: Comparing the horizontal visual field extensions for red and white stimuli in subjects with protanopia and those with normal trichromacy and assessing the related intra-subject intra-session repeatability. METHODS: The subjects were divided into groups with protanopia and with normal trichromacy, based on color vision testing (HMC anomaloscope, Oculus, Wetzlar/FRG). Two stimulus characteristics, III4e and III1e, according to the Goldmann-classification, were presented with semi-automated kinetic perimetry (Octopus 900 perimeter, Haag-Streit, Köniz/CH). They moved along the horizontal meridian, with an angular velocity of 3°/s towards the visual field center, starting from either the temporal or nasal periphery. If necessary, a 20° nasal fixation point offset was chosen to capture the temporal periphery of the visual field. For each condition the red/white dissociation ratio (RWR); Pat Appl. DPMA DRN 43200082D) between the extent of the isopter for red (RG610, Schott, Mainz/ FRG) and white stimuli along the horizontal meridian was determined. RESULTS: All data are listed as median/interquartile range: Five males with protanopia (age 22.1/4.5 years) and six males with normal trichromacy (control group, age 30.5/15.2 years) were enrolled. The RWR is listed for the right eye, as no clinically relevant difference between right and left eye occurred. Protanopes' RWR for mark III4e (in brackets: control group) was 0.941/0.013 (0.977/0.019) and for mark III1e 0.496/0.062 (0.805/0.051), respectively. CONCLUSIONS: In this exploratory "proof-of-concept study" red/white dissociation ratio perimetry is introduced as a novel technique aiming at assessing and quantifying the severity of protanopia. Further effort is needed to understand the magnitude of the observed red-/white dissociation and to extend this methodology to a wider age range of the sample and to anomalous trichromacies (protanomalia) with varying magnitude.

[Introduction of a novel video retinoscope : Application of a conventional retinoscope and video retinoscope in teaching-A comparative pilot study]. / Vorstellung eines neuartigen Videoskiaskops : Einsatz von konventionellem Skiaskop und Videoskiaskop in der Lehre ­ eine vergleichende Pilotstudie.

The video retinoscope presented here makes it possible for the first time to interactively demonstrate, discuss, evaluate and document optical phenomena with the aid of an integrated touch display. The precision in relation to the objective refraction results between the conventional retinoscope (CS) and video retinoscope (VS) is comparable (p = 0.093, Wilcoxon test). On the basis of questionnaires using visual analogue scales (0 = very unfavorable/10 = very favorable; subsequently the median/interquartile range is given) during a pilot study, 12 test persons rated the CS (VS) with respect to the feasibility of continuous light band movements with 6.9/1.3 (6.0/4.2) and the ease of use with 8.1/2.1 (8.9/1.6) out of a maximum of 10 points each and thus both retinoscopes as equivalent. In terms of weight, the subjects favored the conventional retinoscope with a rating of 8.7/2.2 (4.0/4.8).

Anatomical Location of the Raphe and Extended Raphe in the Human Retina: Implications for Assessment of the Optic Nerve with OCT.

Purpose: To determine the location of (1) the superior-inferior watershed between the fovea and optic disc (extended raphe) at the peripapillary optical coherence tomography (OCT) measurement circle and (2) the raphe, temporal to the fovea. Methods: We used existing data consisting of 2285 traced retinal nerve fiber bundle trajectories from 83 fundus images. For localization of the extended raphe at the 3.46-mm-diameter OCT measurement circle, trajectories were classified as belonging to the superior or inferior hemiretina, using predefined criteria. For the raphe, we localized the endings of trajectories coming from the superior and inferior arcuate bundles. Results: At the measurement circle, the extended raphe is located 14° (range, 12°-16°) inferiorly to a horizontal line through the optic disc center. The raphe follows a horizontal line at the latitude of the fovea if the disc is assumed to be located 15° nasal to and 2° above the fovea. Conclusions: At the measurement circle, OCT brands use either the 9 o'clock location or a straight line connecting the center of the optic disc and the fovea as a reference for separating the hemiretinas. This results, on average, in a 14° and 6° misalignment with respect to the anatomical watershed, respectively. For the macular area, the commonly used line through the center of the optic disc and the fovea fails to describe the raphe adequately. Translational Relevance: An unbiased asymmetry assessment of the optic nerve requires a detailed knowledge of the shape and location of the (extended) raphe.

Quality Control Procedures and Baseline Values for Electroretinography, Perimetry, Color Vision, and Visual Acuity in an International Multicenter Study: Observations from a Safety Trial in Chronic Stable Angina Pectoris.

Purpose: To describe quality control procedures and baseline values of electroretinography (ERG), kinetic and static perimetry, color discrimination, and best-corrected visual acuity from a multicenter ocular safety study. Methods: A multicenter prospective longitudinal randomized placebo-controlled study was conducted at 11 ophthalmic centers that had received certification following training, instruction, and monitoring. ERGs were obtained with the Espion E2 Ganzfeld console, perimetry with the Octopus 101 perimeter, color discrimination with the Lanthony desaturated D15 test, and best-corrected visual acuity with the Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study chart. Ophthalmic eligibility required satisfactory outcomes for ERG and perimetry by the second or third pre-inclusion attempts, respectively. Quality control for the ERG was undertaken by two central readers. Results: The mean (SD) age of the 97 individuals was 63.5 (7.9) range, 44-83 years. The overall coefficients of variation (CVs) for the ERG peak times were less than those of the only comparable single-center study. The CV for the mean defect of standard automated perimetry was approximately one-third that of the Ocular Hypertension Treatment Study. With increasing age, ERG peak times and color discrimination Total Error Score increased while ERG amplitudes and isopter area all decreased. Conclusions: The data illustrate the benefit of identical equipment, stringent on-site instruction and training, quality control, certification, and validation methods. The latter are recommended for planning and conducting multicenter trials using ERG and perimetry to monitor safety and/or efficacy of treatment intervention. Translational Relevance: Stringent quality control procedures and reliable reference values are indispensable prerequisites for informative clinical trials.

[Comparison of visual and auditory pathway]. / Vergleich von Sehbahn und Hörbahn.

Humans receive information from their environment via the visual and auditory systems. This information protects us from dangers and guarantees vital actions, such as social interaction, locomotion, work processes and nutrition. The most important anatomical and functional features of these two sensory systems are compared and elucidated with respect to their interaction/functional complementarity. For this purpose, a selective literature search was carried out in the databases PubMed (also in the Europe PubMed Central), Psychline, Google Scholar, Cochrane Library and Web of Science. Additional information was obtained from relevant books and websites in the fields of (neuro)anatomy, (neuro)physiology, (neuro)ophthalmology and (neuro)otology. Search terms were Hörbahn, Sehbahn, visual system, auditory system, visual pathway, auditory pathway, receptors, spatial hearing, spatial cognition, auditory cognition and visual cognition.

[Anatomy and physiology of the auditory pathway]. / Aufbau und Funktion der Hörbahn.

The auditory system consists of the ear located in the periphery, in which a conversion of the sound into an electrical signal takes place, and neurons, which perform central processing based on action potentials. The most important anatomical and functional features of the auditory system are explained. For this purpose, a selective literature search was carried out in the databases PubMed (also in the Europe PubMed Central), Psychline, Google Scholar, Cochrane Library and Web of Science. Additional information was obtained from relevant books or websites in the fields of (neuro)anatomy, (neuro)physiology, (neuro)ophthalmology and (neuro)otology, among others with the keywords Hörbahn, auditory system, auditory pathway, receptors, spatial hearing and auditory cognition.

[Structure and function of the visual pathway]. / Aufbau und Funktion der Sehbahn.

Humans receive information from their environment mainly via the visual system. Signals from the photoreceptors of the retina via bipolar and ganglion cells are projected onto specific neuronal subpopulations in the lateral geniculate body and from there are forwarded to appropriate layers of the primary visual cortex. The most important anatomical and functional features of the visual system are explained. For this purpose, a selective literature search was carried out in the databases PubMed (also in Europe PubMed Central), Psychline, Google Scholar, Cochrane Library and Web of Science as well as additional information in relevant books or websites in the fields of (neuro)anatomy, (neuro)physiology, (neuro)ophthalmology and (neuro)otology, among others with the search terms Sehbahn, visual system, visual pathway, receptors, spatial cognition and visual cognition.

[Interactive training using a smartphone video retinoscope : Video article]. / Interaktives Training mittels Smartphone-Videoskiaskop : Videobeitrag.

BACKGROUND: The purpose of this project is to apply and optimize a conventional streak retinoscope connected to a smartphone in order to demonstrate and record retinoscopic techniques, related phenomena, typical examination errors in a standardized environment and to use this set-up to produce instructional video clips. The videos enhance and improve the trainer-trainee interaction by instantly visualizing the optical phenomena on the integrated monitor of the retinoscope. METHODS: A smartphone (iPhone 6, Apple, Cupertino, CA, USA) is reversibly connected to a Beta 200 streak retinoscope (HEINE, Herrsching, Germany) via a coupling plate. This allows visualization of the optical phenomena on the screen of a smartphone, which can also be used for recording. To stabilize the recording conditions, the battery handle of the retinoscope is connected to a 3-axis gimbal (Zhiyun Crane Plus, Zhiyun, Guilin, China). In this way the examination unit can be rotated around all axes without any relevant changes in distance. A software-based post-processing (Adobe Premiere Pro CC 2017, Adobe Systems Software Ireland Limited, Dublin. Ireland) of the video sequences almost completely eliminates motion artefacts. RESULTS: With the aforementioned experimental set-up, the following optical phenomena have so far been documented as videos, which are available online: flashing point, with-movement and against-movement, scissors phenomenon, cataract, astigmatic ametropia and refraction scotoma. CONCLUSION: For the first time smartphone video retinoscopy allows optical phenomena to be presented to the examiner (trainee) and trainer at the same time and to produce realistic instructional videos of high quality with comparatively little effort.

Organization of area hV5/MT+ in subjects with homonymous visual field defects.

Damage to the primary visual cortex (V1) leads to a visual field loss (scotoma) in the retinotopically corresponding part of the visual field. Nonetheless, a small amount of residual visual sensitivity persists within the blind field. This residual capacity has been linked to activity observed in the middle temporal area complex (V5/MT+). However, it remains unknown whether the organization of hV5/MT+ changes following early visual cortical lesions. We studied the organization of area hV5/MT+ of five patients with dense homonymous defects in a quadrant of the visual field as a result of partial V1+ or optic radiation lesions. To do so, we developed a new method, which models the boundaries of population receptive fields directly from the BOLD signal of each voxel in the visual cortex. We found responses in hV5/MT+ arising inside the scotoma for all patients and identified two possible sources of activation: 1) responses might originate from partially lesioned parts of area V1 corresponding to the scotoma, and 2) responses can also originate independent of area V1 input suggesting the existence of functional V1-bypassing pathways. Apparently, visually driven activity observed in hV5/MT+ is not sufficient to mediate conscious vision. More surprisingly, visually driven activity in corresponding regions of V1 and early extrastriate areas including hV5/MT+ did not guarantee visual perception in the group of patients with post-geniculate lesions that we examined. This suggests that the fine coordination of visual activity patterns across visual areas may be an important determinant of whether visual perception persists following visual cortical lesions.

[Perimetry in Neuro-ophthalmological Function Diagnostics: Indication - Methods - Topodiagnostic Aspects]. / Perimetrie in der neuroophthalmologischen Funktionsdiagnostik: Indikation ­ Methoden ­ Topodiagnostik.

The assessment of visual field findings is fundamental in neuro-ophthalmological functional diagnostics: By means of perimetry, functional and topodiagnostic considerations in case of unexplained visual loss or suspected lesions of the visual pathway are possible in a non-invasive manner. Repeated examinations allow for functional follow-up of a disease and judgement on the efficacy of a therapeutic procedure. This paper is intended to convey the basics of visual field examination and diagnostics. The focus is on the value of perimetry in neuro-ophthalmological functional diagnostics. Both kinetic and static perimetric methods are addressed. In addition, common examination grids and strategies, as well as interpretation of perimetric recordings and indices for the evaluation of progression analysis, are compared. Scotoma classification and the topodiagnostical relevance of visual field defects are discussed, taking into account quality parameters and plausibility controls.

Retinal nerve fiber bundle trajectories in Chinese myopic eyes: Comparison with a Caucasian based mathematical model.

Previously we developed a mathematical model for describing the retinal nerve fiber bundle (RNFB) trajectories in the human retina. The model was based on Caucasian eyes that were not selected regarding refraction. The aim of this study was to determine the characteristics of the RNFB trajectories in Chinese myopic eyes. We collected high quality red free fundus images from 80 eyes of 80 Chinese myopic subjects (median [interquartile range/range] refraction -3.9 [-6.0 to -2.5/-10 to -1] D). We traced all visible RNFBs (n = 1460) and evaluated their trajectories using the previously published mathematical model. In the superior-temporal region, the RNFB trajectories of the Chinese myopic eyes were similar to that of the Caucasian eyes (86% of trajectories within the 95% central range of the Caucasian model). In the inferior-temporal region, the trajectories of the Chinese low to moderate myopic eyes were also similar to that of the Caucasian eyes (85%); trajectories of the high myopic eyes (spherical equivalent beyond -6.00 D) were clearly less curved (75%). Associations between individual deviations from the model and axial length, retinal vessel course, and optic disc anatomy were studied with multiple linear regression analysis. In the superior-temporal region, the trajectories were associated with retinal vessel course (P = 0.008) and optic disc size (P = 0.016). In the inferior-temporal region, there was a significant association with axial length (P < 0.001), retinal vessel course (P = 0.006), and disc torsion (P = 0.009).

SubsMatch 2.0: Scanpath comparison and classification based on subsequence frequencies.

Our eye movements are driven by a continuous trade-off between the need for detailed examination of objects of interest and the necessity to keep an overview of our surrounding. In consequence, behavioral patterns that are characteristic for our actions and their planning are typically manifested in the way we move our eyes to interact with our environment. Identifying such patterns from individual eye movement measurements is however highly challenging. In this work, we tackle the challenge of quantifying the influence of experimental factors on eye movement sequences. We introduce an algorithm for extracting sequence-sensitive features from eye movements and for the classification of eye movements based on the frequencies of small subsequences. Our approach is evaluated against the state-of-the art on a novel and a very rich collection of eye movements data derived from four experimental settings, from static viewing tasks to highly dynamic outdoor settings. Our results show that the proposed method is able to classify eye movement sequences over a variety of experimental designs. The choice of parameters is discussed in detail with special focus on highlighting different aspects of general scanpath shape. Algorithms and evaluation data are available at: http://www.ti.uni-tuebingen.de/scanpathcomparison.html .