Tryptophan-heme pi-electrostatic interactions in cytochrome f of oxygenic photosynthesis.

Cytochrome f of oxygenic photosynthesis has an unprecedented structure, including the N-terminus being a heme ligand. The adjacent N-terminal heme-shielding domain is enriched in aromatic amino acids. The atomic structures of the chloroplast and cyanobacterial cytochromes f were compared to explain spectral and redox differences between them. The conserved aromatic side chain in the N-terminal heme-shielding peptide at position 4, Phe and Tyr in plants and algae, respectively, and Trp in cyanobacteria, is in contact with the heme. Mutagenesis of cytochrome f from the eukaryotic green alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii showed that a Phe4 --> Trp substitution in the N-terminal domain was unique in causing a red shift of 1 and 2 nm in the cytochrome Soret (gamma) and Q (alpha) visible absorption bands, respectively. The resulting alpha band peak at 556 nm is characteristic of the cyanobacterial cytochrome. Conversely, a Trp4 --> Phe mutation in the expressed cytochrome from the cyanobacterium Phormidium laminosum caused a blue shift to the 554 nm alpha band peak diagnostic of the chloroplast cytochrome. Residue 4 was found to be the sole determinant of this 60 cm(-)(1) spectral shift, and of approximately one-half of the 70 mV redox potential difference between cytochrome f of P. laminosum and C. reinhardtii (E(m7) = 297 and 370 mV, respectively). The proximity of Trp-4 to the heme implies that the spectral and redox potential shifts arise through differential interaction of its sigma- or pi-electrostatic potential with the heme ring and of the pi-potential with the heme Fe orbitals, respectively. The dependence of the visible spectrum and redox potential of cytochrome f on the identity of aromatic residue 4 provides an example of the use of the relatively sharp cytochrome spectrum as a "spectral fingerprint", and of the novel structural connection between the heme and a single nonliganding residue.

Structure of the soluble domain of cytochrome f from the cyanobacterium Phormidium laminosum.

Cytochrome f from the photosynthetic cytochrome b(6)f complex is unique among c-type cytochromes in its fold and heme ligation. The 1. 9-A crystal structure of the functional, extrinsic portion of cytochrome f from the thermophilic cyanobacterium Phormidium laminosum demonstrates that an unusual buried chain of five water molecules is remarkably conserved throughout the biological range of cytochrome f from cyanobacteria to plants [Martinez et al. (1994) Structure 2, 95-105]. Structure and sequence conservation of the cytochrome f extrinsic portion is concentrated at the heme, in the buried water chain, and in the vicinity of the transmembrane helix anchor. The electrostatic surface potential is variable, so that the surface of P. laminosum cytochrome f is much more acidic than that from turnip. Cytochrome f is unrelated to cytochrome c(1), its functional analogue in the mitochondrial respiratory cytochrome bc(1) complex, although other components of the b(6)f and bc(1) complexes are homologous. Identical function of the two complexes is inferred for events taking place at sites of strong sequence conservation. Conserved sites throughout the entire cytochrome b(6)f/bc(1) family include the cluster-binding domain of the Rieske protein and the heme b and quinone-binding sites on the electrochemically positive side of the membrane within the b cytochrome, but not the putative quinone-binding site on the electrochemically negative side.

Expression of plastocyanin and cytochrome f of the cyanobacterium Phormidium laminosum in Escherichia coli and Paracoccus denitrificans and the role of leader peptides.

The gene for plastocyanin from the cyanobacterium Phormidium laminosum was successfully expressed in Escherichia coli. Expression of the gene for cytochrome f resulted in the production of holocytochrome f in the periplasmic space of E. coli, but the yield was low. Expression in Paracoccus denitrificans yielded no holoprotein. When the region encoding the cytochrome f leader sequence was replaced with more typical bacterial leader sequences (those from the P. laminosum plastocyanin gene and the Paracoccus versutus cytochrome c-550 gene), much higher yields were consistently obtained in both species. Overexpressed proteins were compared to those isolated from P. laminosum and found to be identical in mass, isoelectric point, redox midpoint potential and (for plastocyanin) 1H-NMR spectrum.