Childhood asthma in New Zealand: the impact of on-going socioeconomic disadvantage (2010-2019).

AIM: To document trends in number and cost of asthma hospital admissions and asthma prescriptions in children (0-14 years) from 2010-2019 in New Zealand. METHOD: A retrospective analysis of public hospital admission and pharmaceutical prescription data. RESULTS: The dataset included 39,731 hospitalisations with asthma as a discharge diagnosis and 5,512,856 prescriptions for asthma medication in children ≤14 years old. From 2010 to 2019, there was a 45% reduction in the number of asthma hospitalisations and an 18% reduction in prescriptions attributable to asthma. Declines were evident for both Maori and non-Maori children. However, Maori children were hospitalised with asthma at twice the rate of non-Maori children (7.2/1,000 versus 3.5/1,000, p<0.001), and a larger proportion of Maori children had an asthma readmission within 90 days of their first admission (18% versus 14%, p <0.001). Asthma admission rates for children from families living in the highest deprivation areas were, on average, 2.8 times higher than in the least deprived areas. We estimate that the combined cost of asthma hospitalisations and prescriptions was $165m. Of this, $103m was for hospital admissions and $62m was for prescriptions. CONCLUSIONS: Although hospitalisations and prescriptions attributable to asthma have declined, there are clear inequities in the health outcomes of New Zealand children with asthma. Our analysis indicates that many New Zealand children, particularly Maori children and those living in areas of high deprivation, are not receiving levels of primary care for asthma that are consistent with prevention.

Modifiable Early Childhood Risk Factors for Obesity at Age Four Years.

Background: Childhood obesity is associated with an increased risk of adult obesity and related chronic disease. Our aim was to identify modifiable exposures that are independently associated with obesity in the preschool age group. Methods: A prospective cohort study of 5734 children in New Zealand with anthropometric measurements was completed at age 4.5 years. The modifiable exposures of interest, measured at age 9 months and 2 years, were: food security during infancy; and, at age 2 years, screen time; sleep duration; and takeaway food and soft drink intake. The risk of obesity independently associated with each exposure was determined using Binomial and Poisson regression and described using adjusted risk ratios (RRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs), after controlling for confounding variables including gender, ethnicity, birth weight, and mother's age. The probability of obesity given cumulative exposures to the four risk factors and the population attributable fraction (PAF) were estimated. Results: Lower food security during infancy (1 hour/day; RR = 1.22; 95% CI : 1.01-1.48), shorter sleep duration (≤11.5 hours/day; RR = 1.30; 95% CI : 1.05-1.61), and weekly to daily consumption of takeaway/soft drink (RR = 1.25, 95% CI : 1.00-1.57) were independently associated with an increased risk of obesity at age 4.5 years. The cumulative PAF for childhood obesity was 42.9%, under an ideal scenario where all risk factors were eliminated. Conclusion: Exposure to modifiable factors by age 2 years is associated with obesity at age 4.5 years. Interventions to prevent childhood obesity need to be effective during infancy.

Infant Food Security in New Zealand: A Multidimensional Index Developed from Cohort Data.

Food security (FS) during infancy is associated with lifelong outcomes. New Zealand is a developed economy that reports poor childhood nutrition-related health statistics, particularly among minority children, yet has no measure of FS applicable to infancy. The objective was to develop an FS index for New Zealand infants and examine its association with demographic covariates and health outcomes. Within a large (n = 6853) nationally representative cohort, variables describing infant food consumption, breastfeeding, and maternal food-related coping methods were collected from mothers during late infancy. An FS index was derived using confirmatory factor analysis. Associations were assessed by logistic regressions and described using odds ratios (OR) and ≥95% confidence intervals (CI). Fifteen percent of the cohort was highly FS, 43% tenuously food insecure (FIS), and 16% highly food insecure (FIS). Infants from minority ethnic groups had lower odds of being food secure, as did those born to the youngest mothers, mothers who smoked, or those who lived in low-income households. FIS infants had higher odds of morbidity. Interventions to improve infant FS should focus on improving dietary quality, and should give particular consideration to minority infants. We identified that FIS shows wide ethnic and socioeconomic inequity, and is associated with poorer health. The most important driving factors of FIS included poor quality weaning diets, as well as poverty and its proxies. Any interventions to improve infant FS should focus on increasing fruit and vegetable consumption to recommended intake levels, and should give particular consideration to minority infants.