Subject(s)
Consumer Product Safety/legislation & jurisprudence , Food Contamination , Food Industry , Food Safety , Animals , Anti-Bacterial Agents , Food , Food Labeling , Food Supply/history , Fruit , History, 20th Century , History, 21st Century , Humans , Legislation, Food , Meat , Organisms, Genetically Modified , Poultry , United States , United States Food and Drug Administration , VegetablesABSTRACT
Formation and evolution of secondary organic aerosols (SOA) from biogenic VOCs influences the Earth's radiative balance. We have examined the photo-oxidation and aging of boreal terpene mixtures in the SAPHIR simulation chamber. Changes in thermal properties and chemical composition, deduced from mass spectrometric measurements, were providing information on the aging of biogenic SOA produced under ambient solar conditions. Effects of precursor mixture, concentration, and photochemical oxidation levels (OH exposure) were evaluated. OH exposure was found to be the major driver in the long term photochemical transformations, i.e., reaction times of several hours up to days, of SOA and its thermal properties, whereas the initial concentrations and terpenoid mixtures had only minor influence. The volatility distributions were parametrized using a sigmoidal function to determine TVFR0.5 (the temperature yielding a 50% particle volume fraction remaining) and the steepness of the volatility distribution. TVFR0.5 increased by 0.3±0.1% (ca. 1 K), while the steepness increased by 0.9±0.3% per hour of 1×10(6) cm(-3) OH exposure. Thus, aging reduces volatility and increases homogeneity of the vapor pressure distribution, presumably because highly volatile fractions become increasingly susceptible to gas phase oxidation, while less volatile fractions are less reactive with gas phase OH.
Subject(s)
Air Pollutants/chemistry , Terpenes/chemistry , Aerosols/analysis , Aerosols/chemistry , Air Pollutants/analysis , Gases/chemistry , Oxidation-Reduction , Photochemical Processes , Terpenes/analysis , VolatilizationABSTRACT
An incoherent broadband cavity-enhanced absorption spectroscopy setup employing a 20 m long optical cavity is described for sensitive in situ measurements of light extinction between 630 and 690 nm. The setup was installed at the SAPHIR atmospheric simulation chamber during an intercomparison of instruments for nitrate (NO(3)) radical detection. The long cavity was stable for the entire duration of the two week campaign. A detection limit of approximately 2 pptv for NO(3) in an acquisition time of 5 s was established during that time. In addition to monitoring NO(3), nitrogen dioxide (NO(2)) concentrations were simultaneously retrieved and compared against concurrent measurements by a chemiluminescence detector. Some results from the campaign are presented to demonstrate the performance of the instrument in an atmosphere containing water vapor and inorganic aerosol. The spectral analysis of NO(3) and NO(2), the concentration dependence of the water absorption cross sections, and the retrieval of aerosol extinction are discussed. The first deployment of the setup in the field is also briefly described.
