ABSTRACT
LDL-C is the pivotal risk factor for atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease, and the benefit from LDL-C lowering is proportional to the magnitude of reduction. Clinical trials demonstrate that evolocumab reduces LDL-C levels by approximately 60% when measured at the trough of drug effect, which may underestimate cumulative LDL-C reduction. We obtained a time-averaged estimate of LDL-C lowering that included both peaks and troughs. Pooled analysis of 5 phase 2 trials included patients with hypercholesterolemia who received placebo or evolocumab (140 mg every 2 weeks [Q2W] or 420 mg monthly [QM]). Percent changes from baseline LDL-C and free serum PCSK9 were averaged across weeks 9-12. In 372 patients, time-averaged percent reduction from baseline in LDL-C with evolocumab vs placebo was 67.6% (95% CI: 63.9-71.3) with Q2W dosing and 65.0% (95% CI: 60.7-69.3) with QM dosing. The time-averaged measure yielded LDL-C reductions for evolocumab that exceeded measurements at the end of dosing intervals and may provide a better estimate of cardiovascular benefit during long-term therapy.
Subject(s)
Anticholesteremic Agents , Proprotein Convertase 9 , Antibodies, Monoclonal/therapeutic use , Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized , Anticholesteremic Agents/therapeutic use , Cholesterol, LDL , Humans , Treatment OutcomeSubject(s)
Cardiac Catheterization , Coronary Angiography , Endovascular Procedures , Heart Defects, Congenital/therapy , Percutaneous Coronary Intervention , Peripheral Vascular Diseases/therapy , Cardiac Catheterization/adverse effects , Cardiac Catheterization/instrumentation , Coronary Angiography/adverse effects , Coronary Angiography/instrumentation , Endovascular Procedures/adverse effects , Endovascular Procedures/instrumentation , Heart Defects, Congenital/diagnostic imaging , Heart Defects, Congenital/physiopathology , Humans , Percutaneous Coronary Intervention/adverse effects , Percutaneous Coronary Intervention/instrumentation , Peripheral Vascular Diseases/diagnostic imaging , Peripheral Vascular Diseases/physiopathologyABSTRACT
Pancreatitis is more frequent in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), although the underlying cause is unknown. We tested the hypothesis that ongoing ß cell stress and apoptosis in T2DM induces ductal tree proliferation, particularly the pancreatic duct gland (PDG) compartment, and thus potentially obstructs exocrine outflow, a well-established cause of pancreatitis. PDG replication was increased 2-fold in human pancreas from individuals with T2DM, and was associated with increased pancreatic intraepithelial neoplasia (PanIN), lesions associated with pancreatic inflammation and with the potential to obstruct pancreatic outflow. Increased PDG replication in the prediabetic human-IAPP-transgenic (HIP) rat model of T2DM was concordant with increased ß cell stress but preceded metabolic derangement. Moreover, the most abundantly expressed chemokines released by the islets in response to ß cell stress in T2DM, CXCL1, -4, and -10, induced proliferation in human pancreatic ductal epithelium. Also, the diabetes medications reported as potential modifiers for the risk of pancreatitis in T2DM modulated PDG proliferation accordingly. We conclude that chronic stimulation and proliferation of the PDG compartment in response to islet inflammation in T2DM is a potentially novel mechanism that serves as a link to the increased risk for pancreatitis in T2DM and may potentially be modified by currently available diabetes therapy.
