ABSTRACT
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Muscular variations of the ventral thoracic wall are generally common and of great clinical interest. MATERIALS AND METHODS: An unusual muscular variation of the ventral thoracic wall was observed and dissected in a West-European female body donor. RESULTS: An interclavicularis anticus digastricus muscle was observed and studied. It originated from the manubrium sterni and inserted bilaterally to the clavicles. Both muscle bellies were interconnected by a tendon on the ventral surface of the manubrium sterni. The muscle was innervated by branches of the lateral pectoral nerve. CONCLUSIONS: The interclavicularis anticus digastricus muscle is a muscular variation of the ventral thoracic wall of unknown prevalence. This variation might be of clinical interest in orthopaedics and thoracic surgery. It is also a vulnerable structure during infraclavicular insertion of a subclavian vein catheter or fractures of the clavicle.
Subject(s)
Tendons , Thoracic Wall , Clavicle , Female , Humans , Manubrium , Muscle, Skeletal , Pectoralis MusclesABSTRACT
SHANK3 (also called PROSAP2) genetic haploinsufficiency is thought to be the major cause of neuropsychiatric symptoms in Phelan-McDermid syndrome (PMS). PMS is a rare genetic disorder that causes a severe form of intellectual disability (ID), expressive language delays and other autistic features. Furthermore, a significant number of SHANK3 mutations have been identified in patients with autism spectrum disorders (ASD), and SHANK3 truncating mutations are associated with moderate to profound ID. The Shank3 protein is a scaffold protein that is located in the postsynaptic density (PSD) of excitatory synapses and is crucial for synapse development and plasticity. In this study, we investigated the molecular mechanisms associated with the ASD-like behaviors observed in Shank3Δ11-/- mice, in which exon 11 has been deleted. Our results indicate that Shank3 is essential to mediating metabotropic glutamate receptor 5 (mGlu5)-receptor signaling by recruiting Homer1b/c to the PSD, specifically in the striatum and cortex. Moreover, augmenting mGlu5-receptor activity by administering 3-Cyano-N-(1,3-diphenyl-1H-pyrazol-5-yl)benzamide ameliorated the functional and behavioral defects that were observed in Shank3Δ11-/- mice, suggesting that pharmaceutical treatments that increase mGlu5 activity may represent a new approach for treating patients that are affected by PMS and SHANK3 mutations.
Subject(s)
Autism Spectrum Disorder/drug therapy , Autism Spectrum Disorder/genetics , Autism Spectrum Disorder/metabolism , Benzamides/pharmacology , Nerve Tissue Proteins/metabolism , Pyrazoles/pharmacology , Receptor, Metabotropic Glutamate 5/metabolism , Animals , Behavior, Animal/drug effects , Chromosome Deletion , Chromosome Disorders/genetics , Chromosome Disorders/metabolism , Chromosomes, Human, Pair 22/genetics , Chromosomes, Human, Pair 22/metabolism , Corpus Striatum/drug effects , Corpus Striatum/metabolism , Exons , Hippocampus/drug effects , Hippocampus/metabolism , Homer Scaffolding Proteins/metabolism , Male , Mice , Mice, Inbred C57BL , Mice, Inbred DBA , Mice, Knockout , Microfilament Proteins , Nerve Tissue Proteins/deficiency , Nerve Tissue Proteins/genetics , Neurons/drug effects , Neurons/metabolism , Post-Synaptic Density/metabolism , Signal Transduction , Synaptic TransmissionABSTRACT
The superheating of a solid to a temperature beyond its melting point, without the solid actually melting, is a well-known phenomenon. It occurs with many substances, particularly those that can readily be produced as high-quality crystals. In principle, ice should also be amenable to superheating. But the complex three-dimensional network of hydrogen bonds that holds water molecules together and gives rise to unusual solid and liquid properties strongly affects the melting behaviour of ice; in particular, ice usually contains many defects owing to the directionality of its hydrogen bonds. However, simulations are readily able to 'create' defect-free ice that can be superheated. Here we show that by exciting the OH stretching mode of water, it is possible to superheat ice. When using an ice sample at an initial temperature of 270 K, we observe an average temperature rise of 20 +/- 2 K that persists over the monitored time interval of 250 ps without melting.
ABSTRACT
During 6 months lidoflazine was applied ambulatorily in a dosage of 240 mg/a day orally in 21 patients after finished infarction. After 2 to 3 weeks one patient each was excluded due to incompatibility or reinfarction, respectively. In the remaining 19 patients consumption of nitrangin, mechanocardiogram, ECG and blood pressure were controlled in regular intervals during and after ergometric load as well as clinico-chemical examinations performed. The consumption of nitrangin clearly decreased in the course of the time of observation. The tolerance ofthe medicament was good. At the end of the treatment the unchanging load was tolerated with lower pulse rate, slightly decreased blood pressure and shortened period of isometric contraciton and period of the increase of blood pressure. The present results were discussed compared with literature.
