ABSTRACT
Stress is implicated in the etiology of major depressive disorder (MDD) and leads to the activation of proinflammatory pathways, which are recognized to induce depressive symptoms. For instance, depression is commonly observed in patients with hepatitis C and cancer under IFN therapy, and high levels of inflammatory cytokines are described in the serum of individuals with MDD - which indicate a multi-system aspect of psychiatric disorders. Thus, we evaluated the effects of a two-hit model of depression on peripheral and CNS inflammatory, neurotrophic, and oxidative stress parameters and behavior. Male Wistar rats were submitted to lipopolysaccharide (LPS) injections, followed by a chronic unpredictable mild stress (CUMS) protocol. Rats exposed to CUMS (CUMS + groups) exhibited reduced body weight, sucrose consumption and preference as well as an increased score of coat state and locomotor behavior. Interestingly, higher IFNγ serum levels were observed in the LPS/CUMS + group, which were further correlated with reduced sucrose consumption. Hypertrophy of adrenal gland was also observed in CUMS+, and splenic hypertrophy was exclusive of LPS-injected animals. Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) levels were decreased in the serum of CUMS + animals, while no differences were found in the hippocampus and on lipid peroxidation levels. Besides corroborating the effectiveness of the CUMS model on inducing depressive-like behavior, our findings suggest that the combination of different etiological and pathophysiological components of MDD may provide with a more translational approach. Also, the correlation of increased IFNγ peripheral levels with an anhedonic-like phenotype reinforce the contemporary concept of psychiatric disorders being considered multi-system inflammatory diseases.
