[Consulting or engaging? The role of stakeholders in health research. A conference report by the organizers]. / Befragen oder Beteiligen? Die Rolle von Stakeholdern in der Gesundheitsforschung. Ein Tagungsbericht der Organisatorinnen.

Increasingly, researchers are required to engage stakeholders in health-related research projects. "Stakeholder" in this context are those people who may be directly or indirectly affected by the planned research or the research object. This could be, for example, patients, relatives, and health personnel, but also political decision-makers. Those conducting stakeholder engagement are faced with many open questions like what activities are meant by engagement, for what purpose researchers should engage stakeholders, who should be involved, or how best to design engagement activities.From 28 to 29 March 2019 the interdisciplinary conference "Consulting or Engaging? The Role of Stakeholders in Health Research" took place at LMU Munich. The aim of the conference was to facilitate cross-disciplinary discourse on research engagement of various stakeholder groups. Different application contexts were examined, such as public health research, clinical research, health services research, and bioethical deliberation.This conference report structures and explains the main topics discussed during the conference from the perspective of the organizers. It thereby addresses the question of inclusivity and exclusivity of frequently used terms for stakeholder engagement, reflects on different strategies for justifying stakeholder engagement, and provides an overview of different approaches to stakeholder engagement as well as of methodological and practical challenges in implementing engagement activities.

Mobile health ethics and the expanding role of autonomy.

Mhealth technology is mushrooming world-wide and, in a variety of forms, reaches increasing numbers of users in ever-widening contexts and virtually independent from standard medical evidence assessment. Yet, debate on the broader societal impact including in particular mapping and classification of ethical issues raised has been limited. This article, as part of an ongoing empirically informed ethical research project, provides an overview of ethical issues of mhealth applications with a specific focus on implications on autonomy as a key notion in the debate. A multi-stage model of references to the potential of mhealth use for strengthening some or other form of self-determination will be proposed as a descriptive tool. It illustrates an assumed continuum of enhanced autonomy via mhealth broadly conceived: from patient to user autonomy, to improved health literacy, and finally to the vision of supra-individual empowerment and democratised, participatory health and medicine as a whole. On closer examination, however, these references are frequently ambivalent or vague, perpetuating the at times uncritical use of established autonomy concepts in medical ethics. The article suggests zooming in on the range of autonomy-related aspects against the backdrop of digital innovation and datafied health more generally, and on this basis add to existing frameworks for the ethical evaluation of mhealth more specifically.