ABSTRACT
Objetivo: analisar o discurso de gestantes e profissionais de saúde sobre as orientações acerca do aleitamento materno fornecidas durante o pré-natal na rede básica de saúde. Método: pesquisa qualitativa, exploratório-descritiva. A coleta de dados foi realizada de março a julho de 2015, por meio de entrevistas semiestruturada com 11 gestantes e oito profissionais de saúde do município de Florianópolis Santa Catarina. Os dados foram analisados a partir do discurso do sujeito coletivo. Resultados: a análise dos dados deu origem a três discursos coletivos: promoção do aleitamento materno no pré-natal, orientações sobre aleitamento materno somente no puerpério e outras fontes de informação sobre aleitamento materno. Entre as orientações fornecidas durante o pré-natal destacam-se aquelas relativas ao preparo das mamas, vantagens da amamentação e importância do aleitamento materno exclusivo até o sexto mês de vida. Conclusão: percebeu-se a ausência de orientações sobre manejo da amamentação. As gestantes indicam a busca por informações na mídia digital e nas redes de apoio. São necessárias estratégias com metodologias ativas e uso de redes sociais durante o pré-natal a fim de fomentar a promoção do aleitamento materno, garantir a segurança materna e alavancar as taxas prevalência de aleitamento materno no município.
Objective: to analyze the discourse of pregnant women and health professionals about the guidelines to promote breastfeeding provided during prenatal care in the primary health care network. Method: qualitative, exploratory-descriptive research. Data were collection from March to July 2015 through semi-structured interviews with eleven pregnant women and eight health professionals from the city of Florianópolis - Santa Catarina. The data were analyzed based on the Discourse of the Collective Subject. Results: The analysis of the data gave rise to three collective discourses: Promotion of breastfeeding in prenatal care, guidelines on breastfeeding only in the puerperium, and other sources of information on breastfeeding. Among the guidelines provided during prenatal care are those related to breastfeeding, the advantages of breastfeeding and the importance of exclusive breastfeeding until the sixth month of life. Conclusion:The absence of guidelines on management of breastfeeding was noticeable. The pregnant women said they used digital media and support networks to search for Information. Strategies with active methodologies and use of social networks during prenatal care are needed to promote breastfeeding, ensure maternal safety, and increase prevalence rates for breastfeeding in the municipality.
Subject(s)
Humans , Female , Pregnancy , Prenatal Care , Breast Feeding , Maternal and Child Health , Maternal-Child Nursing , Health Promotion , Patient Education as TopicABSTRACT
This study aimed to characterize the stages of the inter-organizational relationships between educational and caring aspects of Nursing, operating in the context of primary health care in a municipality of Santa Catarina, Brazil. The qualitative approach of the case study was used by deliberately selecting the cooperation between two organizations. Eight teaching nurses and eight assistant nurses were interviewed. The data were submitted to content analysis, and the results demonstrated a number of elements in the phases of interaction (negotiation, commitment and execution of activities), as well as the variability of their content over time. It was concluded that the interaction, at an operational level, is characterized by dynamics that happen during relationship cycles, usually spanning through the school-semester, producing new negotiations and commitments for the following semester.
Subject(s)
Education, Nursing/organization & administration , Interinstitutional Relations , Negotiating , Nursing Care/organization & administration , Primary Health Care/organization & administration , Brazil , Humans , Qualitative Research , Schools , WorkABSTRACT
O estudo objetivou caracterizar as fases do relacionamento interorganizacional na integração ensino-serviço do exercício da Enfermagem, no âmbito operacional da atenção primária à saúde em um município catarinense. Adotou-se a abordagem qualitativa em um estudo de caso da cooperação entre duas organizações. Foram entrevistados oito enfermeiros docentes e oito enfermeiros assistenciais. Realizou-se análise de conteúdo com os resultados demonstrando uma série de elementos quanto às fases da interação (negociação, compromisso e execução de atividades), bem como à variabilidade de seu conteúdo ao longo do tempo. Conclui-se que a interação no nível operacional caracteriza-se por dinâmicas ao longo dos ciclos de relacionamento que abrangem usualmente o semestre letivo, com produção de novas negociações e compromissos para o seguinte.
This study aimed to characterize the stages of the inter-organizational relationships between educational and caring aspects of Nursing, operating in the context of primary health care in a municipality of Santa Catarina, Brazil. The qualitative approach of the case study was used by deliberately selecting the cooperation between two organizations. Eight teaching nurses and eight assistant nurses were interviewed. The data were submitted to content analysis, and the results demonstrated a number of elements in the phases of interaction (negotiation, commitment and execution of activities), as well as the variability of their content over time. It was concluded that the interaction, at an operational level, is characterized by dynamics that happen during relationship cycles, usually spanning through the school-semester, producing new negotiations and commitments for the following semester.
El estudio tuvo como objetivo caracterizar las fases de las relaciones inter-organizacionales en el ejercicio de la integración docente-asistencial de Enfermería, que operan en el contexto de la atención primaria de salud en un municipio de Santa Catarina. Adoptó-se un enfoque cualitativo, de estudio de caso de la cooperación entre ambas organizaciones. Se entrevistó a ocho profesores de enfermería y ocho enfermeros asistenciales. El análisis de contenido de los datos recogidos ha demostrado una serie de elementos como las fases de interacción (negociación, el compromiso y la ejecución de actividades), así como la variabilidad de su contenido en el tiempo. Se concluye que la interacción, en nivel operativo, se caracteriza por la dinámica al largo de los ciclos de la relación, que por lo general cubren el semestre, con la producción de nuevas negociaciones y compromisos para el siguiente.
Subject(s)
Humans , Education, Nursing/organization & administration , Interinstitutional Relations , Negotiating , Nursing Care/organization & administration , Primary Health Care/organization & administration , Brazil , Qualitative Research , Schools , WorkABSTRACT
Fatty acid composition of adipose tissue (AT) is an established long-term biomarker for fatty acid (FA) intake and status, but AT samples are not easily available. Nonesterified FA composition in plasma (pNEFA) may be a good indicator of AT FA composition, because pNEFA are mainly generated by AT lipolysis. We investigated the correlation of 42 pNEFA and subcutaneous as well as visceral AT FA in 27 non-diabetic women with a median BMI of 36 kg/m(2) (Q0.25: 25 kg/m(2); Q0.75: 49 kg/m(2)). Close correlations of pNEFA and AT FA were found for odd-chain FA (15â¶0 râ=â0.838 and 0.862 for subcutaneous and visceral AT, respectively) and omega-3 FA (22â¶6 râ=â0.719/0.535), while no significant or low correlations were found for other FA including 18â¶1 (râ=â0.384/0.325) and 20â¶4 (râ=â0.386/0.266). Close correlations of pNEFA and AT FA were found for essential fatty acids, like 18â¶2 (râ=â0.541/0.610) and 20â¶5 (râ=â0.561/0.543). The lower correlation for some pNEFA species with AT FA indicates that the variation of most pNEFA is significantly affected by other FA sources and flux of FA to tissue, in addition to release from AT. A relevant influence of BMI on the level of correlation was shown for saturated FA. NEFA analysis in fasted plasma can serve as a virtual AT biopsy for some FA, and as a biomarker for intake of dairy products and sea fish.
Subject(s)
Adipose Tissue/metabolism , Fatty Acids, Nonesterified/blood , Fatty Acids, Nonesterified/metabolism , Body Mass Index , Fatty Acids, Nonesterified/chemistry , Female , Humans , Middle AgedABSTRACT
The success of several gene therapeutic approaches requires efficient transduction of human primary T lymphocytes. For this it is important to enhance the transduction efficiency, and this can be achieved by various means, mainly technical development of transduction procedures and use of different vectors and vector pseudotypes. We analyzed the transduction efficiency of an HIV-1 vector encoding enhanced green fluorescent protein (GFP) as a marker gene and pseudotyped with the envelopes of MLV-A, MLV-10A1, GaLV, RD114, and VSV for human primary T lymphocytes in comparison to an MLV vector pseudotyped with the same envelopes. Pseudotyping of the MLV vector with the envelopes of 10A1 and GaLV resulted in efficient transduction of preactivated human primary T lymphocytes (32.4% and 32.7% CD3+/GFP+ cells, respectively) while MLV-A (14.0%), RD114 (8.8%), and VSV (1.5%) envelopes were less efficient when using titrated vector stocks equilibrated to a multiplicity of infection of 1. In contrast, the HIV-1 vectors pseudotyped with these envelope proteins transduced preactivated T lymphocytes with similar efficiency (approx. 20% CD3+/GFP+ cells). Thereby, CD4+ and CD8+ T lymphocyte subpopulations were transduced at equivalent levels. The similar performance of the different HIV-1 vector pseudotypes may be due in part to the similar half-lives of the vector particles. Independently of the envelope used for pseudotyping neither the MLV nor the HIV-1 vectors yielded any significant transduction in nonactivated T lymphocytes (below 0.55% of GFP+ cells)
Subject(s)
Genetic Vectors , HIV-1/genetics , Leukemia Virus, Murine/genetics , T-Lymphocytes/virology , Transduction, Genetic/methods , Viral Envelope Proteins/genetics , CD4-CD8 Ratio , Cells, Cultured , Green Fluorescent Proteins , Humans , Luminescent Proteins/genetics , Lymphocyte Activation , Retroviridae/geneticsABSTRACT
Recent studies revealed a significant promoter activity of porcine endogenous retrovirus (PERV) long terminal repeats (LTRs) in different human and mammalian cell lines, which is mediated by a 39-bp repeat located in the U3 region in different numbers, representing an enhancer (G. Scheef, N. Fischer, U. Krach, and R. R. Tönjes, J. Virol. 75:6933-6940, 2001). A statistical transcription factor analysis revealed putative binding sites for the CCAAT-binding transcription factor NF-Y inside the 39-bp repeat. Specific binding of NF-Y to the repeat sequence was demonstrated by electrophoretic mobility shift assays and supershift assays with specific antibodies directed against the three subunits of NF-Y. To identify further transcription-regulating elements, genetically modified LTRs lacking the repeat box, U3, R, or U5 were investigated. The results indicated a strong inhibitory element in the R region, as the deletion of R caused a significantly increased promoter activity. Since PERV might play a potential role in the application of xenogeneic cell therapy and xenotransplantation techniques, we have investigated whether immunosuppressive drugs that are routinely used in transplantation medicine have an impact on the promoter activity. Neither cyclosporine nor prednisolone had any influence on the promoter strength of the PERV LTRs. By performing a real-time PCR we were able to compare the proviral loads of porcine and infected human cells as well as the amount of released virions, which revealed a direct link between LTR activity and the number of released retroviruses.
Subject(s)
CCAAT-Binding Factor/physiology , Endogenous Retroviruses/genetics , Immunosuppressive Agents/pharmacology , Swine/virology , Transcription, Genetic , Animals , Cell Line , Endogenous Retroviruses/drug effects , Endogenous Retroviruses/physiology , Humans , Promoter Regions, Genetic , Proviruses/physiology , Terminal Repeat Sequences , Transcription Factors/metabolism , Virion/physiologyABSTRACT
Retroviral vectors derived from murine leukemia virus (MLV) have been pseudotyped with a variant of the envelope glycoprotein (Env) of nonpathogenic simian immunodeficiency virus from African green monkeys (SIVagm) to result in [MLV(SIVagm-wt)] vector particles. The variant env gene encodes a full-length surface envelope glycoprotein (SU) and a C-terminally truncated transmembrane protein (TM). To change the coreceptor usage of this vector from CCR5 to CXCR4, which is predominant on human CD4-positive lymphocytes, the putative V3-loop of SIVagm SU was replaced by that of the T cell tropic HIV-1 variant BH10. The resulting [MLV(SIVagm-X4)] vectors were shown to specifically transduce CD4/CXCR4-positive cell lines, demonstrating the equivalent function in cell entry and choice of coreceptor usage of the V3-loops of SIVagm and HIV-1. These modified vectors were able to transduce primary human lymphocytes and were resistant to neutralization by sera from HIV-1-infected individuals. The [MLV(SIVagm-X4)] pseudotype vector generated is thus a promising candidate vector, e.g., for in vivo gene therapy of HIV-1 infection.
