Reliability of combined fine needle aspiration and core needle biopsies in the diagnosis of liver lesions: An 8-year institutional experience.

OBJECTIVE: Fine needle aspiration (FNA), followed by core needle biopsy (CNB) when needed, was adopted as the standard care for liver lesions in our institution. This study explores the diagnostic efficacy of combined image-guided FNA and CNB in liver lesion diagnosis. METHOD: We retrospectively reviewed all liver FNA cases performed in our institution between January 2010 and September 2018. A total of 550 cases from 531 patients (173 females) with a median age of 59 years (range, 13-90) were identified. All FNA cases were initially assessed with rapid on-site evaluation, and cell blocks were prepared. A total of 459 FNA specimens with concurrent CNBs were included in the study. Both FNAs and CNBs in the paired sampling were read by a cytopathologist, with expert consultation as needed. RESULTS: The concordance rate between FNA and CNB was 85.2%. Combined FNA/CNB showed higher sensitivity in detecting malignant tumours when compared to FNA or CNB alone (98%, vs 87% and 92%, p < 0.001), especially for detecting metastatic tumours, hepatocellular carcinoma, and haematopoietic neoplasms (98%, 97%, and 94%, respectively; all p < 0.001). Combined FNA/CNB showed a lower false negative rate in malignant tumours than FNA or CNB alone (2%, vs 13% and 8%, p < 0.001). There was no significant difference among FNA, CNB, and combined FNA/CNB in diagnosing benign liver lesions. CONCLUSIONS: Combined liver FNA/CNB has high diagnostic efficacy for malignancy and a lower false negative rate than either procedure alone, especially in metastatic tumours, hepatocellular carcinoma, and haematopoietic neoplasms.

Post-treatment bacterial endocarditis mimicking fungal organisms: a morphologic comparison and tips for avoiding this diagnostic pitfall.

BACKGROUND: Histopathologic differentiation of bacterial endocarditis from yeast-like fungal endocarditis is usually straightforward; however, an underappreciated phenomenon is the effect of antimicrobial therapy on bacterial size, shape and septa (cross-wall) formation resulting in bacterial forms that mimic yeast-like fungi. In this article we illustrate the alterations that occur in antibiotic-treated Staphylococcus aureus endocarditis and compare these changes to histopathologic findings in unaltered S. aureus and Histoplasma endocarditis, respectively. METHODS: Resected valves from three cases of endocarditis were compared based on the type ofinflammatory reaction, organism morphology and culture results. Case 1 was S. aureus endocarditis initially misclassified as Histoplasma due to its atypical morphologic and histopathologic features. The two cases included for comparison were an S. aureus endocarditis with more classic features and an Histoplasma capsulatum endocarditis. Hematoxylin and eosin (H&E), Gram, periodic acid Schiff (PAS), Gomori-Grocott methenamine silver stains (GMS), and culture results were compared in all cases. Molecular and immunohistochemistry tests were used for confirmation of first case. High power oil-immersion was used to visualize organisms' characteristics in all three cases. RESULTS: Case 1 and Case 3 (Histoplasma-infected valves) had fibrinous exudates with scattered macrophages. The microorganisms observed in the first case of methicillin-sensitive S. aureus (MSSA) were ∼ 2-3 µm by GMS stain and had prominent septations. Histoplasma yeast were round to oval, ∼ 3-4 µm in size and demonstrated budding. S. aureus without alterations were round, ∼ 1 µm in size, and lacked prominent septations. Necrotizing purulent inflammation was present in the unaltered case of MSSA. The MSSA case with alterations from antibiotic treatment did not stain well with the Gram stain and organisms were best visualized with the PAS and GMS stains. CONCLUSIONS: Antibiotic therapy for bacterial endocarditis can alter the inflammatory reaction to infection, bacterial size, septa formation, and staining characteristics. Knowledge of these therapy-related effects and use of high-power magnification helps to avoid misclassification as yeast-like fungi.

Salivary gland fine-needle aspiration cytology with the application of the Milan system for risk stratification and histological correlation: A retrospective 6-year study.

BACKGROUND: The Milan System for Reporting Salivary Gland Cytopathology (MSRSGC) is based on risk stratification. We presented our experience with fine-needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) for the diagnosis of salivary glands lesions by applying the MSRSGC categorization to the cytological diagnoses, and determined risk of malignancy (ROM) for each category. METHODS: Fine-needle aspiration cytology of salivary gland lesions performed over a 6-year period was retrieved. FNAC results were retrospectively categorized according to the MSRSGC criteria, and correlated with corresponding histologic follow-up. ROM for each diagnostic category was calculated. RESULTS: A total of 208 FNAC of salivary gland lesions were reviewed and retrospectively categorized as: non-diagnostic (ND) 23 (11%), non-neoplastic (NN) 54 (26%), atypia of undetermined significance (AUS) 10 (4.8%), benign neoplasms (BN) 77 (37%), salivary gland of uncertain malignant potential (SUMP) 13 (6.3%), suspicious for malignancy (SM) 7 (3.4%), and malignant (M) 24 (11.5%). Histopathological follow-up was available for 84 of 208 cases (40.4%). Overall concordance rate between FNAC and histology was 78.8%. Sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, and negative predictive value were calculated as 93.3%, 94.6%, 82.4%, and 98.2%, respectively. Diagnostic accuracy to distinguish benign from malignant disease was 94.4%. ROM for each category was ND 0%, NN 0%, AUS 75%, BN 2.2%, SUMP 28.6%, SM 50%, and M 100%. CONCLUSION: Fine-needle aspiration cytology continues to be an accurate diagnostic tool for most salivary gland neoplasms showing classical morphologic features. However, difficult cases with unusual or overlapping features will occur. In these situations, the use of MSRSGC risk-stratification could be helpful to define appropriate management.

Gamna-Gandy bodies in fine-needle aspiration from abdominal splenosis: A clue to underlying portal hypertension.

A 40-year-old woman presented with abdominal pain and jaundice. Past medical history was significant only for splenectomy following a motor vehicle accident. Owing to presence of multiple peritoneal nodules on computerized tomography (CT) and elevated serum CA-125, ovarian peritoneal carcinomatosis was suspected. Ultrasound-guided fine-needle aspiration (FNA) revealed presence of abundant hemosiderin, leukocytes, endothelial cells, and fungal hypha-like structures. No evidence of neoplasia was found. Findings were consistent with Gamna-Gandy bodies (GGBS) within splenic tissue. Based on history of splenectomy and FNA findings, a diagnosis of abdominal splenosis with presence of GGBS was made. Workup for hepatic cirrhosis and portal hypertension was recommended. Liver biopsy confirmed presence of cirrhosis. To our knowledge, this is the first report of GGBS identified within abdominal splenosis. It is important for pathologists to be able to recognize GGBS and to be aware of their relationship to portal hypertension and other conditions associated with severe vascular congestion or hemorrhage. History and pathogenesis of GGBS, their diagnostic morphologic features and a review of cases of GGBS diagnosed via cytology are given.

Giving new life to old lungs: methods to produce and assess whole human paediatric bioengineered lungs.

We report, for the first time, the development of an organ culture system and protocols to support recellularization of whole acellular (AC) human paediatric lung scaffolds. The protocol for paediatric lung recellularization was developed using human transformed or immortalized cell lines and single human AC lung scaffolds. Using these surrogate cell populations, we identified cell number requirements, cell type and order of cell installations, flow rates and bioreactor management methods necessary for bioengineering whole lungs. Following the development of appropriate cell installation protocols, paediatric AC scaffolds were recellularized using primary lung alveolar epithelial cells (AECs), vascular cells and tracheal/bronchial cells isolated from discarded human adult lungs. Bioengineered paediatric lungs were shown to contain well-developed vascular, respiratory epithelial and lung tissue, with evidence of alveolar-capillary junction formation. Types I and II AECs were found thoughout the paediatric lungs. Furthermore, surfactant protein-C and -D and collagen I were produced in the bioengineered lungs, which resulted in normal lung compliance measurements. Although this is a first step in the process of developing tissues for transplantation, this study demonstrates the feasibility of producing bioengineered lungs for clinical use. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

A case of peripheral T-cell lymphoma, not otherwise specified in a HCV and HTLV-II-positive patient, diagnosed by abdominal fluid cytology.

BACKGROUND: Peripheral T-cell lymphoma, not otherwise specified (PTCL, NOS) is a rare neoplasm that typically presents as generalized lymphadenopathy. PTCL, NOS presenting as malignant ascites is rare. METHODS: A 61-year-old African-American man with past medical history of HCV, cryoglobulinemia, and cryptococcal pneumonia was admitted for dyspnea on exertion over a period of 1 month and new onset of abdominal distension. RESULTS: Ascites, splenomegaly, hepatomegaly and extensive lymphadenopathy were found by imaging. Paracentesis obtained 1.3 liter of abdominal fluid, the cytologic evaluation showed a monomorphic population of intermediate-sized lymphoid cells with irregular to convoluted nuclear contours. Fluid sent for flow cytometry showed an abnormal T-lymphocyte population expressing CD4, weak surface CD3 and absence of CD7. PCR studies of ascitic fluid detected a clonal T-lymphocyte population with T-cell receptor gamma gene rearrangement. Serologic testing for human T lymphotropic virus (HTLV) was positive for HTLV-II. Subsequent bone marrow biopsy revealed lymphomatous involvement. CD30 and ALK-1 immunostaining were negative. This case was classified as PTCL, NOS. CONCLUSIONS: PTCL, NOS can have unusual clinical presentation such as ascites and pleural effusion, and may also occur as a complication of immunodeficiency state. Further studies are needed to determine if HCV or HTLV-II viral infection is associated with PTCL.

Correlation of microbiologic culture and fine-needle aspiration cytology: A 14-year experience at a single institution.

BACKGROUND: Fine-needle aspiration (FNA) is an important tool for the diagnosis of infectious disease. FNA material should be appropriately submitted for cultures when indicated by preliminary findings. Correlation of cytologic diagnoses with culture results are important quality assurance tools. The current study reviewed 14 years of FNA-culture correlation. METHODS: FNA cytology-culture correlation records from the years 1996 through 2007 and 2010 through 2011 were retrieved from electronic databases compiled for histology and culture correlation. Correlation was limited to those cases for which material was submitted for culture from the FNA sample. Culture results were retrieved from the laboratory or hospital information system. RESULTS: Correlative data included 770 cases. Cytology, culture, or both were positive for microbes in 416 of 770 samples (54%), excluding cultured bacterial skin contaminants. Among the 204 bacteria cases, 93 (46%) were identified by cytology and culture, 92 (45%) were identified by culture only, and 19 (9%) were identified by cytology only. Among the 16 cases of Actinomycetales, 8 (50%) were identified by cytology and culture, 5 (31%) were identified by culture only, and 3 (19%) were identified by cytology only. Of the 129 cases of mycobacteria, 63 (49%) were identified by cytology and culture, 44 (34%) were identified by culture only, and 22 (17%) were identified by cytology only. Among the 67 cases of fungi, 34 (51%) were identified by cytology only, with 15 of these 34 cases being fungal hyphae; 25 cases (37%) were identified by cytology and culture, with a 100% concordance between the cytology diagnosis and culture result; and 8 cases (12%) were identified by culture only. CONCLUSIONS: FNA cytology-culture correlation is a valuable tool with which to assess the efficacy and limitations of the direct diagnosis of infectious agents, and to identify types of infections that may be negative on culture but positive on cytology diagnosis.

Is fine needle aspiration cytology a useful diagnostic tool for granular cell tumors? A cytohistological review with emphasis on pitfalls.

BACKGROUND: Granular cell tumors (GCT) formerly known as Abrikossoff tumor or granular cell myoblastoma, are rare neoplasms encountered in the fine needle aspiration (FNA) service. Named because of their highly granular cytoplasm which is invariably positive for the S-100 antibody, the classic GCT is thought to be of neural origin. The cytomorphological features range from highly cellular to scanty cellular smears with dispersed polygonal tumor cells. The cells have abundant eosinophilic granular cytoplasm, eccentric round to oval vesicular nuclei with small inconspicuous nucleoli. The fragility of the cells can result in many stripped nuclei in a granular background. The differential diagnosis occasionally can range from a benign or reactive process to features that are suspicious for malignancy. Some of the concerning cytologic features include necrosis, mitoses and nuclear pleomorphism. METHODS: We identified 6 cases of suspected GCT on cytology within the last 10 years and compared them to their final histologic diagnoses. RESULTS: Four had histologic correlation of GCT including one case that was suspicious for GCT on cytology and called atypical with features concerning for a malignant neoplasm. Of the other two cases where GCT was suspected, one showed breast tissue with fibrocystic changes, and the other was a Hurthle cell adenoma of the thyroid. CONCLUSIONS: These results imply that FNA has utility in the diagnosis of GCT, and should be included in the differential diagnoses when cells with abundant granular cytoplasm are seen on cytology. Careful attention to cytologic atypia, signs of reactive changes, use of immunohistochemistry, and clinical correlation are helpful in arriving at a definite diagnosis on FNA cytology.

Should high-risk adolescents have Papanicolaou tests?

BACKGROUND: The current American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists guidelines state that cervical cancer screening should begin at age 21 years, regardless of sexual or obstetric history. However, previous studies have demonstrated that there is a small but significant subset of high-risk adolescents with extensive sexual and obstetric history who harbor a significant squamous cervical lesion. The objective of the current study was to use histologic and demographic data from adolescents (aged <21 years) who received Papanicolaou (Pap) tests to determine whether they benefited from early cervical cancer screening. METHODS: Adolescent girls who had Pap tests between 2000 and 2010 were included in the study. Demographic data, including obstetric history, number of sexual partners, age of first coitus, age at first pregnancy, menarche, smoking history, and Chlamydia and syphilis infection, were analyzed for associations with levels of cervical dysplasia. RESULTS: Of 56,785 adolescent Pap tests, 277 (0.5%) were diagnosed as high-grade squamous HSIL, and 56 of those Pap tests (20%) were from patients who had grade 3 cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN-3) on subsequent biopsy and/or excision. One patient had microinvasive cervical carcinoma identified on loop electrosurgical excision procedure at age 27 years after an HSIL Pap test. Increased parity was associated significantly with higher rates of CIN-3. CONCLUSIONS: The study findings indicated that current American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists guidelines to begin Pap testing at age 21 years are appropriate for the majority of adolescents, because the rate of HSIL is very low, and the risk for invasive carcinoma is minimal. Although higher parity was associated with a significantly increased grade of CIN, the conclusions are questionable because of the significant amount of missing demographic data points. That being said, this study should lead to other similar studies to determine any association of higher grade CIN with adolescent sexual and obstetric history.

The Merkel cell carcinoma challenge: a review from the fine needle aspiration service.

Merkel cell carcinoma (MCC) is a highly aggressive neuroendocrine carcinoma of the skin that occurs primarily in elderly or immunocompromised patients. For this report, the authors reviewed the diagnostic challenges associated with MCC encountered on their fine-needle aspiration (FNA) service and also conducted an in-depth review of the literature on MCC. A computer search for patients who were diagnosed with MCC by FNA at the authors' institution from 2006 to 2010 was conducted, and 5 patients were selected for cytologic and immunochemical analyses based on their varied and diagnostically challenging clinical presentations. The 5 selected patients had clinical findings commonly associated with MCC, including advanced age (4 of the 5 patients were ages 75-85 years) and a history of previous malignancies (3 of the 5 patients had a history of previous malignancy), and 1 patient was diagnosed with a concomitant low-grade lymphoma. The patients and their disease illustrated the protean clinical presentation of MCC and the clinical and cytologic challenges associated with this neoplasm. The current findings indicate the need for cytopathologists to be aware of the deceptive presentation of this neoplasm and its cytologic and immunochemical features to correctly diagnose this insidious neoplasm.

Concomitant pulmonary infection with Nocardia transvalensis and Aspergillus ustus in lung transplantation.

Lung infections with Nocardia and Aspergillus spp in lung transplant recipients (LTRs) create diagnostic and therapeutic challenges. The present case illustrates the difficulties in identifying these pathogens in LTRs. A high degree of clinical suspicion and aggressive early management are required to ensure good outcomes. Although prospective data on treating these conditions are scarce, the empiric use of combination broad-spectrum anti-microbials initially seems prudent.