ABSTRACT
In 2001, consensus meetings on traveller's thrombosis were held in Vienna and Berlin. The results of these conferences were subsequently published in VASA 2002. In 2006 a follow-up conference was organized in Hall, Tirol, Austria, in order to review new and emerging data and to update the conclusions and recommendations of the 2001 meetings. Prior to the conference key papers from peer-reviewed journals were pre-circulated to all participants. The consensus group discussed the data and drafted an updated statement. Thereafter, the writing group summarised the results including the pre-circulated material and additional papers identified by a formal literature search up to December 2007. In this article current knowledge on the incidence, pathophysiology and prevention of traveller's thrombosis is summarised. The assessment of individual risk is described and recommendations for prevention of traveller's thrombosis are given, based upon the conclusions of the Hall Conference.
Subject(s)
Pulmonary Embolism , Travel , Venous Thromboembolism , Venous Thrombosis , Evidence-Based Medicine , Humans , Practice Guidelines as Topic , Pulmonary Embolism/etiology , Pulmonary Embolism/prevention & control , Risk Assessment , Risk Factors , Terminology as Topic , Time Factors , Venous Thromboembolism/etiology , Venous Thromboembolism/prevention & control , Venous Thrombosis/etiology , Venous Thrombosis/prevention & controlABSTRACT
BCG vaccines are the oldest vaccines in use today, but the protective effect of the vaccination is still controversial. The risk of contracting tuberculosis is low compared with the possible complications after this vaccination. In Austria the formerly used BCG vaccine was not available in the required amount and another vaccine was released by the drug authorities. This product, with a more virulent strain, was used between August and December 1990, and this increased the incidence of complications. Eighty four of 1950 vaccinated newborn babies developed severe suppurative lymphadenitis three to 28 weeks after the vaccination, and surgical treatment was found to be necessary. Isoniazid treatment did not prove to be successful when the lymph node exceeded a certain size. Culture was successful in 46% up to week 20; after 20 weeks no culture became positive. All cultured bacteria were isoniazid sensitive. The question of general vaccination is raised and several points were considered before we came to the conclusion that except for high risk groups a general vaccination programme for neonates is not justified in Western countries.
Subject(s)
BCG Vaccine/adverse effects , Lymphadenitis/chemically induced , Austria , Female , Humans , Infant, Newborn , Lymph Node Excision , Lymph Nodes/microbiology , Lymphadenitis/microbiology , Lymphadenitis/surgery , Male , Mycobacterium bovis/isolation & purification , Time FactorsABSTRACT
Since 1988 twelve children underwent urethral reconstruction by using an autologous bladder mucosal graft. In 10 of these previous surgery for hypospadias or other penile anomalies had failed. Bladder mucosal graft was used in 2 cases for primary urethral reconstruction. Our results in using this method, mostly in hypospadias cripples, are satisfying, so that we are encouraged to use the autologous bladder mucosal graft for primary urethral reconstruction in selected cases with severe forms of hypospadias as well.
