ABSTRACT
Iron ore tailings (IOT) represent a major problem in the mining industry worldwide due to large volumes of waste disposed in mine sites. IOT are exposed to the environment and subjected to wind and water dispersion, even under non-catastrophic scenarios as dam collapses, and the effects of these particles to the biota are still mostly unknown. This work aimed to prepare and to characterize a suspension containing the finest (micro/nano range) particles of IOT and to evaluate its effects on development and behavior of zebrafish (Danio rerio), at both embryonic and larval stages. IOT suspension comprised 37 mg L-1 of a multi-mineral material mainly composed by hematite and quartz, in a size-range of 33-1400 nm. Regarding in vivo toxicological assays, no robust alterations were recorded in functional, morphological and behavioral end-points analyzed, although a significant adhesion of IOT particles on zebrafish chorion was observed, without a prejudice of embryo hatching. Under applied conditions, iron ore particles did not present harmful effects to the initial stages of zebrafish development, and the particle size range and potential interactions with SiO2 content might be behind such effect.
Subject(s)
Nanoparticles , Zebrafish , Animals , Embryo, Nonmammalian , Iron , Larva , Silicon DioxideABSTRACT
The validation of adsorption treatment based on toxicity assays aims to assess the actual environmental impact caused by effluents after treatment. This study describes the use of rice husk ash as adsorbent and evaluates the efficiency of adsorption treatment to remediate groundwater contaminated with benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylene (BTEX). The synthetic effluent was prepared with standard benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylene solutions. Adsorption was assessed at treatment times 0, 60, 120, and 240 min. Compounds were quantified by gas chromatography with flame ionization detector. The treatment was validated based on ecotoxicity assays using Allium cepa as indicator organism. For the treatment times stipulated, samples containing 25, 50, and 100% of BTEX were used. The dilutions were carried out with drinking water according to Fiskesjö (1985). The relative growth index (RGI), root inhibition index (Ii), and germination index (GI) confirmed the efficiency of the treatment approach tested. The best adsorption time for an initial BTEX concentration of 3.378 mg/L was 60 min. Critical level (EC50) and critical concentration that induced phytotoxic effect on A. cepa germination was observed only for the undiluted effluent.
Subject(s)
Groundwater/chemistry , Onions/drug effects , Oryza/chemistry , Water Pollutants, Chemical/analysis , Water Purification/methods , Adsorption , Benzene/analysis , Benzene/toxicity , Benzene Derivatives/analysis , Benzene Derivatives/toxicity , Dose-Response Relationship, Drug , Ecotoxicology , Surface Properties , Toluene/analysis , Toluene/toxicity , Water Pollutants, Chemical/toxicity , Xylenes/analysis , Xylenes/toxicityABSTRACT
RESUMO: Rejeitos de carvão contêm vários minerais, entre os quais a pirita, que se oxida e gera a drenagem ácida de minas (DAM), um efluente ácido com alto poder poluidor. Atualmente, o setor de mineração de carvão brasileiro controla a DAM por meio do tratamento pelo método de neutralização/precipitação de metais, que consome substanciais quantidades de reagentes e gera um grande volume de lodo. O objetivo deste trabalho foi estudar a minimização da geração da DAM por outra abordagem, o método preventivo de isolamento e exclusão de sulfetos. O processo consiste na remoção da pirita da massa de resíduos, reduzindo a geração de acidez e minimizando a carga de metais nas estações de tratamento. A metodologia do trabalho consistiu na separação gravimétrica por meio denso de uma amostra típica de rejeito de carvão, obtendo-se três frações densimétricas: inferior a 2,2, entre 2,2 e 2,7 e superior a 2,7. Cada fração foi submetida às análises imediata e elementar. Também foram realizados ensaios estáticos e cinéticos em células úmidas para avaliação da geração de acidez no rejeito bruto e na fração com densidade intermediária. Os resultados demonstraram que, por intermédio do beneficiamento gravimétrico dos rejeitos, é possível reduzir em 30% o volume de material descartado. Esse material apresenta um potencial de geração de acidez líquido de 80 a 90% inferior ao do rejeito de carvão bruto. Além disso, estima-se que os custos com reagentes no tratamento de águas ácidas produzidas da mineração de carvão possam ser reduzidos em aproximadamente 85%.
ABSTRACT: Coal wastes contain many minerals, including the pyrite, which oxidize and generates the acid mine drainage (AMD), a highly polluting effluent. Currently, the Brazilian coal mining operations emphasise AMD control using waste water treatment systems which consume substantial amounts of reagents and generate large amounts of sludge. The aim of this work was to study the acid mine drainage control by another approach, the sulphide exclusion preventive method. The method comprises in removing the pyrite form coal tailings, reducing the acid generation and minimizing the metals load in wastewater treatment plants. Accordingly, a typical coal waste sample was submitted to a density separation process to divide the sample in the following relative density ranges: below 2.2, from 2.2 to 2.7 and above 2.7. All density fractions were submitted to ultimate and proximate analysis. Static and kinetic tests were carried with the raw waste and the pyrite-free fraction. The results showed that, by gravity processing of coal tailings, it is possible to decrease 30% the volume of wastes. The remaining material presents an acid generation potential of about 80-90% lower than the raw waste. Furthermore, it is expected a reduction in costs of reagents of approximately 85% in acid mine treatment plants.
ABSTRACT
In this study, the hydrometallurgical processing of electric arc furnace (EAF) steelmaking dust is investigated on a laboratory scale under normal temperature and pressure conditions. The behaviour of zinc and iron under the influence of sulphuric acid as the leaching agent is discussed. The dependence between the temperature and acid concentration is investigated. The main aim is the transfer of zinc into the solution while iron ought to remain as a solid residue. The hydrometallurgical recovery of zinc from EAF dust is feasible with relatively high recovery yield, while iron mostly remains in the solid phase. It results from the use of sulphuric acid in low concentration. This way, it is possible to set up the conditions for the EAF dust leaching, adjusting sulphuric acid concentration in order to achieve an optimum zinc yield to the solution without iron dissolution. However, the problem is that the chemical and mineralogical composition of each steelmaking dust is individual.
