The superior longitudinal fasciculus and its functional triple-network mechanisms in brooding.

Brooding, which refers to a repetitive focus on one's distress, is associated with functional connectivity within Default-Mode, Salience, and Executive-Control networks (DMN; SN; ECN), comprising the so-called "triple-network" of attention. Individual differences in brain structure that might perseverate dysfunctional connectivity of brain networks associated with brooding are less clear, however. Using diffusion and functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging, we explored multimodal relationships between brooding severity, white-matter microstructure, and resting-state functional connectivity in depressed adults (N = 32-44), and then examined whether findings directly replicated in a demographically-similar, independent sample (N = 36-45). Among the fully-replicated results, three core findings emerged. First, brooding severity is associated with functional integration and segregation of the triple-network, particularly with a Precuneal subnetwork of the DMN. Second, microstructural asymmetry of the Superior Longitudinal Fasciculus (SLF) provides a robust structural connectivity basis for brooding and may account for over 20% of its severity (Discovery: adj. R2 = 0.18; Replication: adj. R2 = 0.22; MSE = 0.06, Predictive R2 = 0.22). Finally, microstructure of the right SLF and auxiliary white-matter is associated with the functional connectivity correlates of brooding, both within and between components of the triple-network (Discovery: adj. R2 = 0.21; Replication: adj. R2 = 0.18; MSE = 0.03, Predictive R2 = 0.21-0.22). By cross-validating multimodal discovery with replication, the present findings help to reproducibly unify disparate perspectives of brooding etiology. Based on that synthesis, our study reformulates brooding as a microstructural-functional connectivity neurophenotype.

Toward Precision and Reproducibility of Diffusion Tensor Imaging: A Multicenter Diffusion Phantom and Traveling Volunteer Study.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Precision medicine is an approach to disease diagnosis, treatment, and prevention that relies on quantitative biomarkers that minimize the variability of individual patient measurements. The aim of this study was to assess the intersite variability after harmonization of a high-angular-resolution 3T diffusion tensor imaging protocol across 13 scanners at the 11 academic medical centers participating in the Transforming Research and Clinical Knowledge in Traumatic Brain Injury multisite study. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Diffusion MR imaging was acquired from a novel isotropic diffusion phantom developed at the National Institute of Standards and Technology and from the brain of a traveling volunteer on thirteen 3T MR imaging scanners representing 3 major vendors (GE Healthcare, Philips Healthcare, and Siemens). Means of the DTI parameters and their coefficients of variation across scanners were calculated for each DTI metric and white matter tract. RESULTS: For the National Institute of Standards and Technology diffusion phantom, the coefficients of variation of the apparent diffusion coefficient across the 13 scanners was <3.8% for a range of diffusivities from 0.4 to 1.1 × 10-6 mm2/s. For the volunteer, the coefficients of variations across scanners of the 4 primary DTI metrics, each averaged over the entire white matter skeleton, were all <5%. In individual white matter tracts, large central pathways showed good reproducibility with the coefficients of variation consistently below 5%. However, smaller tracts showed more variability, with the coefficients of variation of some DTI metrics reaching 10%. CONCLUSIONS: The results suggest the feasibility of standardizing DTI across 3T scanners from different MR imaging vendors in a large-scale neuroimaging research study.

The neurological and cognitive sequelae of cardiac arrest.

BACKGROUND: Although cardiac arrest (CA) is commonly cited as a cause of amnesia, patients referred to the authors' center with a diagnosis of "amnesia" after CA rarely have isolated memory deficits. OBJECTIVE: To determine whether CA is a cause of pure amnesia and to assess patterns of cognitive deficits after CA. METHODS: The authors used cognitive assessment of 11 consecutive patients referred for memory deficits after CA, targeted at deficit domains identified in the literature reviews, and analysis of specific case reports and prospective studies of cognition after CA. RESULTS: The most common pattern of impairment in their patients was a combination of memory and motor deficits with variable executive impairment. No patient had isolated memory impairment. The case reports do not support the claim that isolated amnesia is a residual of CA; most cases of isolated amnesia are caused by subacute episodes of anoxia or excitotoxic injury. The prospective reports identify highly variable patterns of impairment, but isolated amnesia remains rare. CONCLUSIONS: Diffuse, sudden ischemic-hypoxic injury caused by cardiac arrest (CA) does not preferentially damage memory systems. Subacute or stepwise hypoxic or excitotoxic injury may cause isolated hippocampal injury and amnesia. The common pattern of impairment in the postacute phase after CA is a combination of memory, subtle motor, and variable executive deficits.

An event-related potential examination of masked and unmasked repetition priming in Alzheimer's disease: implications for theories of implicit memory.

Fifteen patients diagnosed with Alzheimer's disease (AD) and 26 matched older controls engaged in a lexical-decision task with a list of words and nonwords while event-related brain potentials (ERPs) were recorded. Two repetition conditions were embedded in the list: words repeated at relatively long lags or words repeated shortly after a brief masked presentation. Although older controls displayed behavioral and ERP repetition priming for words repeated at long lags, consistent with previous studies, AD patients displayed neither. In contrast, both controls and AD patients displayed an ERP repetition priming effect for words repeated shortly after a brief masked presentation. ERP priming effects for masked and unmasked repetition differed in older controls, and additionally, the ERP masked priming effect differed between controls and AD patients. Results are discussed in the context of studies that have examined memory performance in brain-damaged populations using an impaired-intact dichotomy.

Event-related brain potential examination of implicit memory processes: masked and unmasked repetition priming.

The proposition that cortically based perceptual representation systems (PRSs) are responsible for some implicit priming phenomena was examined by using event-related potentials (ERPs) in repetition and masked word priming. Experiment 1 used an explicit recognition task, in which repeated words replicated previous ERP repetition priming effects, whereas masked repetition priming revealed a new ERP effect with a posterior topography. Experiment 2 demonstrated ERP and behavioral priming in a lexical decision task for repetition and masked repetition priming. Topographical mapping of ERP repetition priming effects involved both early and late effects over the right and left anterior regions, whereas masked priming produced only an early ERP effect posteriorly. These results suggest differences between early and late ERP priming effects in terms of explicit recollection. Moreover, a posterior PRS may not be involved in some longer term implicit repetition priming effects.

Attention-related electroencephalographic and event-related potential predictors of responsiveness to suggested posthypnotic amnesia.

Higher frequency electroencephalographic (EEG) activity around 40 Hz has been shown to play a role in cognitive functions such as attention. Furthermore, event-related brain potential (ERP) components such as N1 and P1 are sensitive to selective attention. In the present study, 40-Hz EEG measures and early ERP components were employed to relate selective attention to hypnotic response. Participants were 20 low hypnotizable individuals, half assigned as simulators, and 21 high hypnotizable individuals. Each of these groups was subsequently divided into two groups based on recognition amnesia scores. The four groups differed in 40-Hz (36-44 Hz) EEG spectral amplitude recorded during preinduction resting conditions but not in EEG amplitude postinduction. The groups also differed in N1 amplitudes recorded during hypnosis. Regression analysis revealed that these effects only distinguish the high hypnotizable participants who experienced recognition amnesia from all other groups. The findings support the role of selective attention in hypnotic responsiveness, and the utility of subdividing high hypnotizable individuals is discussed.