Crosslinking of fibrous hydrogels.

In contrast to most synthetic hydrogels, biological gels are made of fibrous networks. This architecture gives rise to unique properties, like low concentration, high porosity gels with a high mechanical responsiveness as a result of strain-stiffening. Here, we used a synthetic polymer model system, based on polyisocyanides, that we crosslinked selectively inside the bundles. This approach allows us to lock in the fibrous network present at the crosslinking conditions. At minimum crosslink densities, we are able to freeze in the architecture, as well as the associated mechanical properties. Rheology and X-ray scattering experiments show that we able to accurately tailor network mechanics, not by changing the gel composition or architecture, but rather by tuning its (thermal) history. Selective crosslinking is a crucial step in making biomimetic networks with a controlled architecture.

Virus-like particles as crosslinkers in fibrous biomimetic hydrogels: approaches towards capsid rupture and gel repair.

Biological hydrogels can become many times stiffer under deformation. This unique ability has only recently been realised in fully synthetic gels. Typically, these networks are composed of semi-flexible polymers and bundles and show such large mechanical responses at very small strains, which makes them particularly suitable for application as strain-responsive materials. In this work, we introduced strain-responsiveness by crosslinking the architecture with a multi-functional virus-like particle. At high stresses, we find that the virus particles disintegrate, which creates an (irreversible) mechanical energy dissipation pathway, analogous to the high stress response of fibrin networks. A cooling-heating cycle allows for re-crosslinking at the damaged site, which gives rise to much stronger hydrogels. Virus particles and capsids are promising drug delivery vehicles and our approach offers an effective strategy to trigger the release mechanically without compromising the mechanical integrity of the host material.

Synthesis of Functional Fluorescent BODIPY-based Dyes through Electrophilic Aromatic Substitution: Straightforward Approach towards Customized Fluorescent Probes.

Fluorescent materials are widely used in biological and material applications as probes for imaging or sensing; however, their customization is usually complicated without the support of an organic chemistry laboratory. Here, we present a straightforward method for the customization of BODIPY cores, which are among the most commonly used fluorescent probes. The method is based on the formation of a new C-C bond through Friedel-Crafts electrophilic aromatic substitution carried out at room temperature. The method presented can be used to obtain completely customized fluorescent materials in one or two steps from commercially available compounds. Examples of the preparation of fluorescent materials for cell staining and functionalization of silica colloids are also presented.