Cationic Group VI Metal Imido Alkylidene N-Heterocyclic Carbene Nitrile Complexes: Bench-Stable, Functional-Group-Tolerant Olefin Metathesis Catalysts.

Despite their excellent selectivities and activities, Mo-and W-based catalysts for olefin metathesis have not gained the same widespread use as Ru-based systems, mainly due to their inherent air sensitivity. Herein, we describe the synthesis of air-stable cationic-at-metal molybdenum and tungsten imido alkylidene NHC nitrile complexes. They catalyze olefin metathesis reactions of substrates containing functional groups such as (thio-) esters, (thio-) ethers and alcohols without the need for prior activation, for example, by a Lewis acid. The presence of a nitrile ligand was found to be essential for their stability towards air, while no decrease in activity and productivity could be observed upon coordination of a nitrile. Variations of the imido and anionic ligand revealed that alkoxide complexes with electron-withdrawing imido ligands offer the highest reactivities and excellent stability compared to analogous triflate and halide complexes.

Regio- and Stereospecific Cyclopolymerization of α,ω-Diynes by Cationic Molybdenum Imido Alkylidene N-Heterocyclic Carbene Complexes.

Both solvent-free and acetonitrile-containing cationic molybdenum imido alkylidene N-heterocyclic carbene (NHC) complexes of the general formula [Mo(NR')(CHCMe2 R)(NHC)(X)+ A- ] (R' = 2,6-Cl2 -C6 H3 , tBu, 2-CF3 -C6 H4 , 2-tBu-C6 H4 , 2,6-iPr2 -C6 H3 , 2,6-Me2 -C6 H3 ; R = Me, Ph; NHC = 1,3-dimesitylimidazol-2-ylidene (IMes), 1,3-di-iPr-imidazol-2-ylidene (IPr), 1,3,5-triphenyl-1,3,4-triazol-2-ylidene); X = CF3 SO3 , C6 F5 O, OCH(CF3 )2 , OC(CF3 )3 , pyrrolide, C6 F5 COO, 2,6-(CF3 )2 -C6 H3 COO; A- = B(ArF )4 - , Al(OC(CF3 )3 )4 - ), have been investigated for their propensity to cyclopolymerize 4,4-disubstituted 1,6-heptadiynes. All metal complexes contain a stereogenic (chiral) metal center, which accounts for the high reactivity and high regioselectivity of insertion (>99%) that are observed for all metal complexes, leading to highly conjugated, α-insertion-derived polyenes that are based on a highly regular polymer backbone and that show absorption maxima close to 600 nm. With the chiral monomer 4-(ethoxycarbonyl)-4-(1S,2R,5S)-(-)-menthoxycarbonyl-1,6-heptadiyne, high syndiospecifity (>99% syndiotactic) is observed. A mechanism explaining the high regio- and stereoselectivity is presented. Thus, α-addition of the monomers proceeds chain-end-controlled trans to the NHC and is preferred over ß-addition through intramolecular Mo-O chelation. Insertion of the monomers entails double inversion at the stereogenic metal center in the course of one complete monomer insertion.

Origin and Use of Hydroxyl Group Tolerance in Cationic Molybdenum Imido Alkylidene N-Heterocyclic Carbene Catalysts.

The origin of hydroxyl group tolerance in neutral and especially cationic molybdenum imido alkylidene N-heterocyclic carbene (NHC) complexes has been investigated. A wide range of catalysts was prepared and tested. Most cationic complexes can be handled in air without difficulty and display an unprecedented stability towards water and alcohols. NHC complexes were successfully used with substrates containing the hydroxyl functionality in acyclic diene metathesis polymerization, homo-, cross and ring-opening cross metathesis reactions. The catalysts remain active even in 2-PrOH and are applicable in ring-opening metathesis polymerization and alkene homometathesis using alcohols as solvent. The use of weakly basic bidentate, hemilabile anionic ligands such as triflate or pentafluorobenzoate and weakly basic aromatic imido ligands in combination with a sterically demanding 1,3-dimesitylimidazol-2-ylidene NHC ligand was found essential for reactive and yet robust catalysts.

Promoting Terminal Olefin Metathesis with a Supported Cationic Molybdenum Imido Alkylidene N-Heterocyclic Carbene Catalyst.

Silica-supported cationic Mo-imido alkylidene N-heterocyclic carbene catalysts, prepared by surface organometallic chemistry, display contrasting olefin metathesis activity for terminal and internal olefins. The high metathesis activity towards terminal alkenes is attributed to the strong σ-donating property of the NHC ancillary ligand, which disfavors the formation of the parent square-planar metallacyclobutane, an off-cycle reaction intermediate resulting from the reaction with ethylene, one of the metathesis products. This tailored ligand environment also allowed the first trigonal bipyramidal (TBP) metallacyclobutane reaction intermediate for supported Mo metathesis catalysts to be identified.

Mono- and Bisionic Mo- and W-Based Schrock Catalysts for Biphasic Olefin Metathesis Reactions in Ionic Liquids.

An extensive series of the first ionic Mo- and W-based Schrock-type catalysts based on pyridinium and phosphonium tagged aryloxide ligands were prepared. Bisionic complexes of the general formula Mo(Imido)(CHR)(OR')2 (OTf)2 and monoionic monoaryloxide pyrrolide (pyr) (MAP-type) catalysts [M(Imido)(CHR)(OR')(pyr)+ ][A- ] were successfully employed and tested in various olefin metathesis benchmark reactions under both, homogeneous and biphasic conditions using pyrrole and, for the first time with Schrock-type catalysts, ionic liquids as the polar phase. Productivities under biphasic conditions up to several thousand turn overs were achieved and are comparable to those obtained in reactions carried out in chlorobenzene or toluene. Metal contamination in the nonpolar product-containing heptane phase was <2 ppm.

Latent and Air-Stable Pre-Catalysts for the Polymerization of Dicyclopentadiene: From Penta- to Hexacoordination in Molybdenum Imido Alkylidene N-Heterocyclic Carbene Complexes.

The pentacoordinated, 16-valence electron (VE) Mo imido alkylidene N-heterocyclic carbene (NHC) complexes I1-I5 and the hexacoordinated 18-VE Mo imido alkylidene NHC complexes 1-4, 8, 10 and 12 containing a chelating ligand have been prepared and used as thermally latent catalysts in the ring-opening metathesis polymerization (ROMP) of dicyclopentadiene (DCPD). Both 10 and 12 are the first Mo imido alkylidene complexes with a chelating alkylidene featuring a carboxylate group. Complexes I1-I3 and I5 as well as 1-4 proved to be fully thermally latent in the presence of DCPD. With the changes in both the electronic and steric situation at the imido ligand provided by these pre-catalysts, different temperatures of the onset of polymerization (Tonset =65-140 °C) and for the exothermic maximum of the curing curve (Texo,max =98-183 °C) of DCPD were achieved. Also, the degree of crosslinking was successfully varied as indicated by swelling experiments in toluene, which revealed degrees of swelling between 0 and 50 %. While the introduction of a chelating alkylidene increases Tonset , the introduction of more electron-donating anionic ligands (tert-butoxide, phenoxide) resulted in a drastic reduction in Tonset , underlining the high flexibility of these systems. The hexacoordinated high-oxidation state molybdenum imido alkylidene NHC complexes 2, 3 and 4 were stable under air for at least twelve hours in the solid state.

Dendritic polarizing agents for DNP SENS.

Dynamic Nuclear Polarization Surface Enhanced NMR Spectroscopy (DNP SENS) is an effective method to significantly improve solid-state NMR investigation of solid surfaces. The presence of unpaired electrons (polarizing agents) is crucial for DNP, but it has drawbacks such as leading to faster nuclear spin relaxation, or even reaction with the substrate under investigation. The latter can be a particular problem for heterogeneous catalysts. Here, we present a series of carbosilane-based dendritic polarizing agents, in which the bulky dendrimer can reduce the interaction between the solid surface and the free radical. We thereby preserve long nuclear T'2 of the surface species, and even successfully enhance a reactive heterogeneous metathesis catalyst.

Molybdenum and Tungsten Imido Alkylidene N-Heterocyclic Carbene Catalysts Bearing Cationic Ligands for Use in Biphasic Olefin Metathesis.

Ionic Mo- and W-imido alkylidene N-heterocyclic carbene (NHC) olefin metathesis catalysts, [Mo{N-2,6-(Me2 )C6 H3 }(CHCMe2 Ph)(IMesH2 )(OTf)(PPS)]OTf (3), [Mo(N-2,6-(Me2 )C6 H3 )(CHCMe2 Ph)(IMesH2 )(OC6 F5 )(PPS)][B(ArF )4 ] (5), [Mo(NtBu)(CHCMe2 Ph)(4,5-dichloro-1,3-dimethylimidazol-2-ylidene)(OTf)(2,6-Ph-4-{2,4,6-Ph-pyridinium}phenolate)][OTf] (9), [Mo(NtBu)(CHCMe2 Ph)(4,5-dichloro-1,3-dimethylimidazol-2-ylidene)(2,6-Ph-4-{2,4,6-Ph-pyridinium}phenolate)][B(ArF )4 ]2 (10, PPS=pyridiniumpropanesulfonate, IMesH2 =1,3-dimesitylimidazolin-2-ylidene, OTf=CF3 SO3 , B(ArF )4 =tetrakis(3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)borate) were prepared from betaine-type ligands. Also, the first bis-NHC and a nitron-based bis(amido) bistriflate imido alkylidene complex, [Mo(NtBu)(CHCMe2 Ph)(4,5-dichloro-1,3-dimethylimidazol-2-ylidene)2 (THF)(2,6-Ph-4-{2,4,6-Ph-pyridinium}phenolate)][OTf]2 (11) and [Mo(N-2,6-Me2 -C6 H3 )(CHCMe2 Ph)(N-{1,4-diphenyl-1,3,4-triazol-2-ylium}-N-phenyl-amido)2 ][OTf]2 (14) along with ionic [W(N-2,6-iPr2 -C6 H3 )(CHCMe2 Ph)(N-2,5-Me2 C4 H2 )(IiPr)(2,6-tBu-4-PPh3 -phenolate)] (17, IiPr=1,3-diisopropylimidazol-2-ylidene) are reported. With these new catalysts, the first biphasic reaction setup with Group 6 metal alkylidene NHC complexes was successfully established using a pyrrole/heptane mixture as a liquid phase. Productivities under biphasic conditions were comparable to those of reactions in 1,2-dichloroethane or toluene. Metal concentrations of <2 ppm migrated into the nonpolar heptane phase as measured by inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectroscopy.

Cationic Silica-Supported N-Heterocyclic Carbene Tungsten Oxo Alkylidene Sites: Highly Active and Stable Catalysts for Olefin Metathesis.

Designing supported alkene metathesis catalysts with high activity and stability is still a challenge, despite significant advances in the last years. Described herein is the combination of strong σ-donating N-heterocyclic carbene ligands with weak σ-donating surface silanolates and cationic tungsten sites leading to highly active and stable alkene metathesis catalysts. These well-defined silica-supported catalysts, [(≡SiO)W(=O)(=CHCMe2 Ph)(IMes)(OTf)] and [(≡SiO)W(=O)(=CHCMe2 Ph)(IMes)(+) ][B(Ar(F) )4 (-) ] [IMes=1,3-bis(2,4,6-trimethylphenyl)-imidazol-2-ylidene, B(Ar(F) )4 =B(3,5-(CF3 )2 C6 H3 )4 ] catalyze alkene metathesis, and the cationic species display unprecedented activity for a broad range of substrates, especially for terminal olefins with turnover numbers above 1.2 million for propene.

Neutral and Cationic Molybdenum Imido Alkylidene N-Heterocyclic Carbene Complexes: Reactivity in Selected Olefin Metathesis Reactions and Immobilization on Silica.

The synthesis and single-crystal X-ray structures of the novel molybdenum imido alkylidene N-heterocyclic carbene complexes [Mo(N-2,6-Me2C6H3)(IMesH2)(CHCMe2Ph)(OTf)2] (3), [Mo(N-2,6-Me2C6H3)(IMes)(CHCMe2Ph)(OTf)2] (4), [Mo(N-2,6-Me2C6H3)(IMesH2)(CHCMe2Ph)(OTf){OCH(CF3)2}] (5), [Mo(N-2,6-Me2C6H3)(CH3CN)(IMesH2)(CHCMe2Ph)(OTf)](+)BArF(-) (6), [Mo(N-2,6-Cl2C6H3)(IMesH2)(CHCMe3)(OTf)2] (7) and [Mo(N-2,6-Cl2C6H3)(IMes)(CHCMe3)(OTf)2] (8) are reported (IMesH2=1,3-dimesitylimidazolidin-2-ylidene, IMes=1,3-dimesitylimidazolin-2-ylidene, BArF(-)=tetrakis-[3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl] borate, OTf=CF3SO3(-)). Also, silica-immobilized versions I1 and I2 were prepared. Catalysts 3-8, I1 and I2 were used in homo-, cross-, and ring-closing metathesis (RCM) reactions and in the cyclopolymerization of α,ω-diynes. In the RCM of α,ω-dienes, in the homometathesis of 1-alkenes, and in the ethenolysis of cyclooctene, turnover numbers (TONs) up to 100,000, 210,000 and 30,000, respectively, were achieved. With I1 and I2, virtually Mo-free products were obtained (<3 ppm Mo). With 1,6-hepta- and 1,7-octadiynes, catalysts 3, 4, and 5 allowed for the regioselective cyclopolymerization of 4,4-bis(ethoxycarbonyl)-1,6-heptadiyne, 4,4-bis(hydroxymethyl)-1,6-heptadiyne, 4,4-bis[(3,5-diethoxybenzoyloxy)methyl]-1,6-heptadiyne, 4,4,5,5-tetrakis(ethoxycarbonyl)-1,7-octadiyne, and 1,6-heptadiyne-4-carboxylic acid, underlining the high functional-group tolerance of these novel Group 6 metal alkylidenes.

Cationic tungsten-oxo-alkylidene-N-heterocyclic carbene complexes: highly active olefin metathesis catalysts.

The synthesis, structure, and olefin metathesis activity of the first neutral and cationic W-oxo-alkylidene-N-heterocyclic carbene (NHC) catalysts are reported. Neutral W-oxo-alkylidene-NHC catalysts can be prepared in up to 90% isolated yield. Depending on the ligands used, they possess either an octahedral (Oh) or trigonal bipyramidal ligand sphere. They can be activated with excess AlCl3 to form cationic olefin metathesis-active W-complexes; however, these readily convert into neutral chloro-complexes. Well-defined, stable cationic species can be prepared by stoichiometric substitution of one chloro ligand in the parent, neutral W-oxo-alkylidene-NHC complexes with Ag(MeCN)2B(Ar(F))4 or NaB(Ar(F))4; B(Ar(F))4 = B(3,5-(CF3)2-C6H3)4. They are highly active olefin metathesis catalysts, allowing for turnover numbers up to 10,000 in various olefin metathesis reactions including alkenes bearing nitrile, sec-amine, and thioether groups.