Use of incremental peritoneal dialysis: impact on clinical outcomes and quality of life measure.

BACKGROUND: Incremental peritoneal dialysis (PD) can be defined as a PD prescription that is less than the standard, full dose prescription and is typically used for patients initiating PD with residual kidney function. It has been suggested that use of incremental peritoneal dialysis may help preserve residual kidney function and may offer better quality of life due to the lower treatment burden, however published evidence is limited. In this study we assessed the associations between incremental peritoneal dialysis use and both clinical outcomes and quality of life measures in a large cohort of incident peritoneal dialysis patients in the US. METHODS: We considered adult patients initiating peritoneal dialysis between 31 July, 2015 and 31 May, 2019 within a single dialysis organization. Patients with body weight < 40 kg, amputation, or an estimated glomerular filtration rate > 20 mL/min during the first 4 weeks on peritoneal dialysis were excluded. Patients were assigned to exposure groups based on peritoneal dialysis prescription during dialysis weeks 5-8. Incremental peritoneal dialysis was defined by treatment frequency, number of exchanges/day, and exchange volume (for continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis patients) or by treatment frequency and presence/absence of last fill (for automated peritoneal dialysis patients). Analyses were performed separately for continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis and automated peritoneal dialysis. For each analysis, incremental peritoneal dialysis patients were propensity score matched to eligible full-dose peritoneal dialysis patients. Patients were followed for a maximum of 12 months until censoring for loss to follow-up or study end. Outcomes were compared using Poisson models (mortality, hospitalization, peritoneal dialysis discontinuation), linear mixed models (estimated glomerular filtration rate), and paired t tests (KDQOL domain scores). RESULTS: Among continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis patients, compared to full-dose peritoneal dialysis, incremental peritoneal dialysis use was associated with better KDQOL scores on 3 domains: physical composite score (42.5 vs 37.7, p = 0.03), burden of kidney disease (60.2 vs 45.6, p = 0.003), effects of kidney disease (79.4 vs 72.3, p = 0.05). Hospitalization and mortality rates were numerically lower (0.77 vs 1.12 admits/pt-year, p = 0.09 and 5.0 vs 10.2 deaths/100 pt-years, p = 0.22), while no associations were found with estimated glomerular filtration rate or peritoneal dialysis discontinuation rate. Use of incremental peritoneal dialysis was not associated with any discernable effects on outcomes in automated peritoneal dialysis patients. CONCLUSION: These results suggest that there may be benefits of using incremental PD in the context of continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis, particularly with respect to quality of life as a prescription strategy when initiating peritoneal dialysis. While no significant benefits of incremental peritoneal dialysis were detected among patients initiating automated peritoneal dialysis, no detrimental effects of using incremental schedules were observed for either peritoneal dialysis type.

Urgent-start peritoneal dialysis: Association with outcomes.

The majority of end-stage kidney disease (ESKD) patients start dialysis without adequate pre-dialysis planning. Of these patients, the vast majority initiate in-centre haemodialysis using a central venous catheter (ICHD-CVC). A minority utilise urgent-start peritoneal dialysis (USPD), whereby a peritoneal dialysis catheter is placed and used for dialysis without the usual 2-4-week waiting period. In this multicentre, retrospective study of adult patients initiating dialysis during 2018, we compared outcomes among patients utilising these two dialysis initiation routes. Patients who initiated dialysis via ICHD-CVC were matched 1:1 to patients who utilised USPD on the basis of aetiology of ESKD, race, diabetes status and insurance type. Hospitalisation and mortality were evaluated from dialysis initiation through the first of death, transplant, loss to follow-up or study end (30 June 2019). Outcomes were compared using models adjusted for age and sex. A total of 717 USPD patients were matched to ICHD-CVC patients. During follow-up, USPD patients were hospitalised at a rate of 1.21 admissions/patient-year (pt-yr) versus 1.51 admissions/pt-yr for ICHD-CVC. This corresponded to a 24% lower rate of hospitalisation among USPD patients (adjusted incidence rate ratio 0.76, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.65-0.88). Mortality rates were 0.08 and 0.11 deaths/pt-yr among USPD patients and ICHD-CVC patients, respectively (adjusted hazard ratio 0.84, 95% CI 0.62, 1.15). These findings suggest that more widespread adoption of USPD may be beneficial among patients with limited pre-dialysis planning.

Peritoneal Dialysis-Associated Peritonitis Trends Using Medicare Claims Data, 2013-2017.

RATIONALE & OBJECTIVE: The occurrence and consequences of peritoneal dialysis (PD)-associated peritonitis limit its use in populations with kidney failure. Studies of large clinical populations may enhance our understanding of peritonitis. To facilitate these studies we developed an approach to measuring peritonitis rates using Medicare claims data to characterize peritonitis trends and identify its clinical risk factors. STUDY DESIGN: Retrospective cohort study of PD-associated peritonitis. SETTING & PARTICIPANTS: US Renal Data System standard analysis files were used for claims, eligibility, modality, and demographic information. The sample consisted of patients receiving PD treated at some time between 2013 and 2017 who were covered by Medicare fee-for-service (FFS) insurance with paid claims for dialysis or hospital services. EXPOSURES/PREDICTORS: Peritonitis risk was characterized by year, age, sex, race, ethnicity, vintage of kidney replacement therapy, cause of kidney failure, and prior peritonitis episodes. OUTCOME: The major outcome was peritonitis, identified using ICD-9 and ICD-10 diagnosis codes. Closely spaced peritonitis claims (30 days) were aggregated into 1 peritonitis episode. ANALYTICAL APPROACH: Patient-level risk factors for peritonitis were modeled using Poisson regression. RESULTS: We identified 70,271 peritonitis episodes from 396,289 peritonitis claims. Although various codes were used to record an episode of peritonitis, none was used predominantly. Peritonitis episodes were often identified by multiple aggregated claims, with the mean and median claims per episode being 5.6 and 2, respectively. We found 40% of episodes were exclusively outpatient, 9% exclusively inpatient, and 16% were exclusively based on codes that do not clearly distinguish peritonitis from catheter infections/inflammation ("catheter codes"). The overall peritonitis rate was 0.54 episodes per patient-year (EPPY). The rate was 0.45 EPPY after excluding catheter codes and 0.35 EPPY when limited to episodes that only included claims from nephrologists or dialysis providers. The peritonitis rate declined by 5%/year and varied by patient factors including age (lower rates at higher ages), race (Black > White>Asian), and prior peritonitis episodes (higher rate with each prior episode). LIMITATIONS: Coding heterogeneity indicates a lack of standardization. Episodes based exclusively on catheter codes could represent false positives. Peritonitis episodes were not validated against symptoms or microbiologic data. CONCLUSIONS: PD-associated peritonitis rates decline over time and were lower among older patients. A claims-based approach offers a promising framework for the study of PD-associated peritonitis.

Challenges and Opportunities in Expanding Home Hemodialysis for 2025.

The Advancing American Kidney Health Initiative has set an aggressive target for home dialysis growth in the United States, and expanding both peritoneal dialysis and home hemodialysis (HHD) will be required. While there has been a growth in HHD across the United States in the last decade, its value in controlling specific risk factors has been underappreciated and as such its appropriate utilization has lagged. Repositioning how nephrologists incorporate HHD as a critical renal replacement therapy will require overcoming a number of barriers. Advancing education of both nephrology trainees and nephrologists in practice, along with increasing patient and family education on the benefits and requirements for HHD, is essential. Implementation of a transitional care unit design coupled with an intensive patient curriculum will increase patient awareness and comfort for HHD; patients on peritoneal dialysis reaching a modality transition point will benefit from Experience the Difference programs acclimating them to HHD. In addition, the potential link between HHD program size and patient outcomes will necessitate an increase in the size of the average HHD program to more consistently deliver quality dialysis results. Addressing the implications of the nursing shortage and need for designing in scope staffing models are necessary to safeguard HHD growth. Seemingly, certain government payment policy changes and physician documentation requirements deserve further examination. Future HHD innovations must result in decreasing the burden of care for HHD patients, optimize the level of device and biometric data flow, facilitate a more functional centralized patient management care approach, and leverage computerized clinical decision support for modality assignment.

Telehealth for Home Dialysis in COVID-19 and Beyond: A Perspective From the American Society of Nephrology COVID-19 Home Dialysis Subcommittee.

The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, technological advancements, regulatory waivers, and user acceptance have converged to boost telehealth activities. Due to the state of emergency, regulatory waivers in the United States have made it possible for providers to deliver and bill for services across state lines for new and established patients through Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA)- and non-HIPAA-compliant platforms with home as the originating site and without geographic restrictions. Platforms have been developed or purchased to perform videoconferencing, and interdisciplinary dialysis teams have adapted to perform virtual visits. Telehealth experiences and challenges encountered by dialysis providers, clinicians, nurses, and patients have exposed health care disparities in areas such as access to care, bandwidth connectivity, availability of devices to perform telehealth, and socioeconomic and language barriers. Future directions in telehealth use, quality measures, and research in telehealth use need to be explored. Telehealth during the public health emergency has changed the practice of health care, with the post-COVID-19 world unlikely to resemble the prior era. The future impact of telehealth in patient care in the United States remains to be seen, especially in the context of the Advancing American Kidney Health Initiative.

Peritoneal dialysis-associated peritonitis outcomes reported in trials and observational studies: A systematic review.

BACKGROUND: Peritoneal dialysis (PD)-associated peritonitis carries significant morbidity, mortality, and is a leading cause of PD technique failure. This study aimed to assess the scope and variability of PD-associated peritonitis reported in randomized trials and observational studies. METHODS: Cochrane Controlled Register of Trials, MEDLINE, and Embase were searched from 2007 to June 2018 for randomized trials and observational studies in adult and pediatric patients on PD that reported PD-associated peritonitis as a primary outcome or as a part of composite primary outcome. We assessed the peritonitis definitions used, characteristics of peritonitis, and outcome reporting and analysis. RESULTS: Seventy-seven studies were included, three were randomized trials. Thirty-eight (49%) of the included studies were registry-based observational studies. Twenty-nine percent (n = 22) of the studies did not specify how PD-associated peritonitis was defined. Among those providing a definition of peritonitis, three components were reported: effluent cell count (n = 42, 54%), clinical features consistent with peritonitis (e.g. abdominal pain and/or cloudy dialysis effluent) (n = 35, 45%), and positive effluent culture (n = 19, 25%). Of those components, 1 was required to make the diagnosis in 6 studies (8%), 2 out of 2 were required in 22 studies (29%), 2 out of 3 in 11 studies (14%), and 3 out of 3 in 4 studies (5%). Peritonitis characteristics and outcomes reported across studies included culture-negative peritonitis (n = 47, 61%), refractory peritonitis (n = 42, 55%), repeat peritonitis (n = 9, 12%), relapsing peritonitis (n = 5, 7%), concomitant exit site (n = 16, 21%), and tunnel infections (n = 8, 10%). Peritonitis-related hospitalization was reported in 38% of the studies (n = 29), and peritonitis-related mortality was variably defined and reported in 55% of the studies (n = 42). Peritonitis rate was most frequently reported as episodes per patient year (n = 40, 52%). CONCLUSION: Large variability exists in the definitions, methods of reporting, and analysis of PD-associated peritonitis across trials and observational studies. Standardizing definitions for reporting of peritonitis and associated outcomes will better enable assessment of the comparative effect of interventions on peritonitis. This will facilitate continuous quality improvement measures through reliable benchmarking of this patient-important outcome across centers and countries.

Peritoneal Dialysis-Related Infection Rates and Outcomes: Results From the Peritoneal Dialysis Outcomes and Practice Patterns Study (PDOPPS).

RATIONALE & OBJECTIVE: Peritoneal dialysis (PD)-related peritonitis carries high morbidity for PD patients. Understanding the characteristics and risk factors for peritonitis can guide regional development of prevention strategies. We describe peritonitis rates and the associations of selected facility practices with peritonitis risk among countries participating in the Peritoneal Dialysis Outcomes and Practice Patterns Study (PDOPPS). STUDY DESIGN: Observational prospective cohort study. SETTING & PARTICIPANTS: 7,051 adult PD patients in 209 facilities across 7 countries (Australia, New Zealand, Canada, Japan, Thailand, United Kingdom, United States). EXPOSURES: Facility characteristics (census count, facility age, nurse to patient ratio) and selected facility practices (use of automated PD, use of icodextrin or biocompatible PD solutions, antibiotic prophylaxis strategies, duration of PD training). OUTCOMES: Peritonitis rate (by country, overall and variation across facilities), microbiology patterns. ANALYTICAL APPROACH: Poisson rate estimation, proportional rate models adjusted for selected patient case-mix variables. RESULTS: 2,272 peritonitis episodes were identified in 7,051 patients (crude rate, 0.28 episodes/patient-year). Facility peritonitis rates were variable within each country and exceeded 0.50/patient-year in 10% of facilities. Overall peritonitis rates, in episodes per patient-year, were 0.40 (95% CI, 0.36-0.46) in Thailand, 0.38 (95% CI, 0.32-0.46) in the United Kingdom, 0.35 (95% CI, 0.30-0.40) in Australia/New Zealand, 0.29 (95% CI, 0.26-0.32) in Canada, 0.27 (95% CI, 0.25-0.30) in Japan, and 0.26 (95% CI, 0.24-0.27) in the United States. The microbiology of peritonitis was similar across countries, except in Thailand, where Gram-negative infections and culture-negative peritonitis were more common. Facility size was positively associated with risk for peritonitis in Japan (rate ratio [RR] per 10 patients, 1.07; 95% CI, 1.04-1.09). Lower peritonitis risk was observed in facilities that had higher automated PD use (RR per 10 percentage points greater, 0.95; 95% CI, 0.91-1.00), facilities that used antibiotics at catheter insertion (RR, 0.83; 95% CI, 0.69-0.99), and facilities with PD training duration of 6 or more (vs <6) days (RR, 0.81; 95% CI, 0.68-0.96). Lower peritonitis risk was seen in facilities that used topical exit-site mupirocin or aminoglycoside ointment, but this association did not achieve conventional levels of statistical significance (RR, 0.79; 95% CI, 0.62-1.01). LIMITATIONS: Sampling variation, selection bias (rate estimates), and residual confounding (associations). CONCLUSIONS: Important international differences exist in the risk for peritonitis that may result from varied and potentially modifiable treatment practices. These findings may inform future guidelines in potentially setting lower maximally acceptable peritonitis rates.

International Anemia Prevalence and Management in Peritoneal Dialysis Patients.

Background:The optimal treatment for managing anemia in peritoneal dialysis (PD) patients and best clinical practices are not completely understood. We sought to characterize international variations in anemia measures and management among PD patients.Methods:The Peritoneal Dialysis Outcomes and Practice Patterns Study (PDOPPS) enrolled adult PD patients from 6 countries from 2014 to 2017. Hemoglobin (Hb), ferritin levels, and transferrin saturation (TSAT), as well as erythropoiesis stimulating agents (ESAs) and iron use were compared cross-sectionally at study enrollment in Australia and New Zealand (A/NZ), Canada, Japan, the United Kingdom (UK), and the United States (US).Results:Among 3,603 PD patients from 193 facilities, mean Hb ranged from 11.0 - 11.3 g/dL across countries. The majority of patients (range 53% - 59%) had Hb 10 - 11.9 g/dL, with 4% - 12% patients ≥ 13 g/dL and 16% - 23% < 10 g/dL. Use of ESAs was higher in Japan (94% of patients) than elsewhere (66% - 79% of patients). In the US, 63% of patients had a ferritin level > 500 ng/mL, compared with 5% - 38% in other countries. In the US and Japan, 87% - 89% of PD patients had TSAT ≥ 20%, compared with 73% - 76% in other countries. Intravenous (IV) iron use within 4 months of enrollment was higher in the US (55% of patients) than elsewhere (6% - 17% patients).Conclusions:In this largest international observational study of anemia and anemia management in patients receiving PD, comparable Hb levels across countries were observed but with notable differences in ESA and iron use. Peritoneal dialysis patients in the US have higher ferritin levels and higher IV iron use than other countries.

Serum albumin and hospitalization among pediatric patients with end-stage renal disease who started dialysis therapy.

BACKGROUND: Hypoalbuminemia is a strong predictor of hospitalization and mortality among adult dialysis patients. However, data are scant on the association between serum albumin and hospitalization among children new to dialysis. METHODS: In a retrospective cohort study of children 1-17 years old with end-stage renal disease receiving dialysis therapy in a large US dialysis organization 2007-2011, we examined the association of serum albumin with hospitalization frequency and total hospitalization days using a negative binomial regression model. RESULTS: Among 416 eligible patients, median (interquartile range) age was 14 (10-16) years and mean ± SD baseline serum albumin level was 3.7 ± 0.8 g/dL. Two hundred sixty-six patients (64%) were hospitalized during follow-up with an incidence rate of 2.2 (95%CI, 1.9-2.4) admissions per patient-year. There was a U-shaped association between serum albumin and hospitalization frequency; hospitalization rates (95%CI) were 2.7 (2.2-3.2), 1.9 (1.5-2.4), 1.6 (1.3-1.9), and 2.7 (1.7-3.6) per patient-year among patients with serum albumin levels < 3.5, 3.5- < 4.0, 4.0- < 4.5, and ≥ 4.5 g/dL, respectively. Case mix-adjusted hospitalization incidence rate ratios (IRRs) (95%CI) were 1.63 (1.24-2.13), 1.32 (1.10-1.58), and 1.25 (1.06-1.49) at serum albumin levels 3.0, 3.5, and 4.5 g/dL, respectively (reference: 4.0 g/dL). Similar trends were observed in hospitalization days. These associations remained robust against further adjustment for laboratory variables associated with malnutrition and inflammation. CONCLUSIONS: Both high and low serum albumin were associated with higher hospitalization in children starting dialysis. Because the observed association is novel and not fully explainable especially for high serum albumin levels, interpreting the results requires caution and further studies are needed to confirm and elucidate this association before clinical recommendations are made.

The association between preinduction arterial blood pressure and postoperative cardiovascular, renal, and neurologic morbidity, and in-hospital mortality in elective noncardiac surgery: an observational study.

BACKGROUND: The association between preinduction blood pressure (BP) and postoperative outcomes after noncardiac surgery is poorly understood. Whether this association depends on the presence of risk factors for poor cardiovascular outcomes remains unclear. Accordingly, we evaluated the association between preinduction BP and its different components; isolated systolic hypertension (ISH) and wide pulse pressure (WPP), and postoperative complications in patients with and without revised cardiac risk index (RCRI) components. METHODS: We analysed consecutive patients undergoing elective noncardiac surgery at Cleveland Clinic. Separate analyses were undertaken for patients with and without any RCRI components. Preinduction BP was assessed both continuously and according to hypertension stages. Logistic regression was used to assess the association between the BP values and composite of in-hospital mortality as well as cardiovascular, renal, and neurologic morbidity. We considered the following potential confounding factors in our analysis; year of surgery, age, sex, race, BMI, and American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association surgical procedure risk classification. RESULTS: Of 58 276 patients, 10 512 had one or more RCRI components. For those with no RCRI, no significant relationship was found between preinduction BP and outcome after adjustment for confounders. For patients with RCRI, the adjusted incidence was the greatest among those with normal preinduction SBP and DBP of less than 70 mmHg. Among patients with preinduction DBP greater than 75 mmHg, risk rose slightly with increasing SBP. However, we found no association between preinduction hypertension stages, ISH, or WPP and the composite outcome in patients with and without RCRI. CONCLUSION: Preinduction low DBP less than 70 mmHg or SBP greater than 160 mmHg and not ISH, nor WPP were associated with an increased risk of postoperative complications in noncardiac surgery patients with one or more RCRI components.

Changing Landscape for Peritoneal Dialysis: Optimizing Utilization.

The future growth of peritoneal dialysis (PD) will be directly linked to the shift in US healthcare to a value-based payment model due to PD's lower yearly cost, early survival advantage over in-center hemodialysis, and improved quality of life for patients treating their kidney disease in the home. Under this model, nephrology practices will need an increased focus on managing the transition from chronic kidney disease to end-stage renal disease (ESRD), providing patient education with the aim of accomplishing modality selection and access placement ahead of dialysis initiation. Physicians must expand their knowledge base in home therapies and work toward increased technique survival through implementation of specific practice initiatives that highlight PD catheter placement success, preservation of residual renal function, consideration of incremental PD, and competence in urgent start PD. Avoidance of both early and late PD technique failures is also critical to PD program growth. Large dialysis organizations must continue to measure and improve quality metrics for PD, expand their focus beyond the sole provision of PD to holistic patient care, and initiate programs to reduce PD hospitalization rates and encourage physicians to consider the benefits of PD as an initial modality for appropriate patients. New and innovative strategies are needed to address the main reasons for PD technique failure, improve the connectivity of the patient in the home, leverage home biometric data to improve overall outcomes, and develop PD cycler devices that lower patient treatment burden and reduce both treatment fatigue and treatment-dependent complications.

Chronic kidney disease in an electronic health record problem list: quality of care, ESRD, and mortality.

BACKGROUND: Whether chronic kidney disease (CKD) recognition in an electronic health record (EHR) problem list improves processes of care or clinical outcomes of end-stage renal disease (ESRD) and death is unclear. METHODS: We identified patients who had at least 1 year of follow-up (2005-2009) in our EHR-based CKD registry (n = 25,742). CKD recognition was defined by having ICD-9 codes for CKD, diabetic kidney disease, or hypertensive kidney disease in the problem list. We calculated proportions of patients with and without CKD recognition and examined differences by demographics, clinical factors, and development of ESRD or mortality. We evaluated differences in the proportion of patients with CKD-specific laboratory results checked before and after recognition among cases and propensity-matched controls. RESULTS: Only 11% (n = 2,735) had CKD recognition in the problem list and they were younger (68 vs. 71 years), a higher proportion were male (61 vs. 37%) and African-American (21 vs. 10%) compared to those unrecognized. CKD-specific laboratory results for patients with estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) 30-59 including intact parathyroid hormone (23 vs. 6%), vitamin D (22 vs. 18%), phosphorus (29 vs. 7%), and a urine check for proteinuria (55 vs. 36%) were significantly more likely to be done among those with CKD recognition (all p < 0.05). Similar results were found for eGFR <30 except for proteinuria and in our propensity score-matched control analysis. There was no independent association of CKD recognition with ESRD or mortality. CONCLUSIONS: CKD recognition in the EHR problem list was low, but translated into more CKD-specific processes of care; however ESRD or mortality were not affected.

Electronic health records: a new tool to combat chronic kidney disease?

Electronic health records (EHRs) were first developed in the 1960s as clinical information systems for document storage and retrieval. Adoption of EHRs has increased in the developed world and is increasing in developing countries. Studies have shown that quality of patient care is improved among health centers with EHRs. In this article, we review the structure and function of EHRs along with an examination of its potential application in CKD care and research. Well-designed patient registries using EHRs data allow for improved aggregation of patient data for quality improvement and to facilitate clinical research. Preliminary data from the United States and other countries have demonstrated that CKD care might improve with use of EHRs-based programs. We recently developed a CKD registry derived from EHRs data at our institution and complimented the registry with other patient details from the United States Renal Data System and the Social Security Death Index. This registry allows us to conduct a EHRs-based clinical trial that examines whether empowering patients with a personal health record or patient navigators improves CKD care, along with identifying participants for other clinical trials and conducting health services research. EHRs use have shown promising results in some settings, but not in others, perhaps attributed to the differences in EHRs adoption rates and varying functionality. Thus, future studies should explore the optimal methods of using EHRs to improve CKD care and research at the individual patient level, health system and population levels.

Pharmacologic management of chronic reno-cardiac syndrome.

Chronic kidney disease (CKD) significantly increases cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. CKD remains an under-represented population in cardiovascular clinical trials, and cardiovascular disease is an under-treated entity in CKD. Traditional cardiovascular risk factors in conjunction with uremia-related complications often progress to myocardial dysfunction. Such uremic cardiomyopathy leads to over-activation of neurohormonal pathways with detrimental effects. Management of the reno-cardiac syndrome (RCS) requires the targeting of these multiple facets. In this article we discuss the relevant pathophysiology of RCS, and present the clinical data related to its management.

Obesity, anthropometric measures and chronic kidney disease complications.

BACKGROUND/AIMS: Anthropometric measures such as body mass index (BMI) and waist circumference (WC) have differential associations with incident chronic kidney disease (CKD) and mortality. We examined the associations of BMI and WC with various CKD complications. METHODS: We conducted a cross-sectional analysis of 2,853 adult participants with CKD in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys 1999-2006. The associations of BMI and WC (both as categorical and continuous variables) with CKD complications such as anemia, secondary hyperparathyroidism, hyperphosphatemia, metabolic acidosis, hypoalbuminemia and hypertension were examined using logistic regression models while adjusting for relevant confounding variables. RESULTS: When examined as a continuous variable, an increase in BMI by 2 points and in WC by 5 cm was associated with higher odds of secondary hyperparathyroidism, hypoalbuminemia and hypertension among those with CKD. CKD participants with BMI ≥30 have higher odds of hypoalbuminemia and hypertension than those with BMI <30. CKD participants with high WC (>102 cm in men and >88 cm in women) have higher odds of hypoalbuminemia and hypertension and lower odds of having anemia than those with low WC. CKD participants with BMI <30 and high WC (vs. BMI <30 and low WC) were not associated with any increase in CKD complications. CONCLUSIONS: Anthropometric measures such as BMI and WC are associated with secondary hyperparathyroidism, hypoalbuminemia and hypertension among adults with CKD. Higher WC among those with BMI <30 is not associated with CKD complications.

Serum triglycerides and risk for death in Stage 3 and Stage 4 chronic kidney disease.

BACKGROUND: An elevated triglyceride level is associated with cardiovascular and all-cause mortality in the general population. The associations between serum triglyceride and all-cause mortality among patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) are unclear. METHODS: Patients with Stage 3 and Stage 4 CKD (estimated glomerular filtration rate 15-59 mL/min/1.73 m(2)) who had serum triglycerides measured prior to being classified as CKD were included. We examined the associations of serum triglyceride levels with all-cause mortality among 25 641 Stage 3 and Stage 4 CKD patients using Cox proportional hazard models and Kaplan-Meier survival curves. RESULTS: In the Cox model, after adjusting for relevant covariates including other lipid parameters, serum triglyceride level 150-199 mg/dL was not associated with death [hazard ratio (HR) 1.00, 95% confidence interval (95% CI) 0.92-1.10] relative to serum triglyceride <150 mg/dL while serum triglyceride ≥ 200 mg/dL was associated with a 11% increased hazard for death (95% CI 1.01-1.22). Age modified the association between serum triglyceride levels ≥ 200 mg/dL and mortality with patients <65 years having a 38% higher hazard for death (95% CI 1.15-1.65) and ≥ 65 years with no increased risk for death (HR 0.97, 95% CI 0.88-1.08, P for interaction <0.001). When serum triglycerides were examined as a continuous log-transformed variable, similar associations with mortality were noted. CONCLUSIONS: Serum triglyceride ≥ 200 mg/dL was independently associated with all-cause mortality in Stage 3 and Stage 4 CKD patients aged <65 years but not among patients of age ≥ 65 years. Future studies should confirm these findings and examine the mechanisms that may explain these associations.

Risk factors for peripheral arterial disease among patients with chronic kidney disease.

Patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) have an increased risk for developing peripheral arterial disease (PAD). The aim of this study was to examine the cross-sectional association between novel risk factors and prevalent PAD in patients with CKD. A total of 3,758 patients with estimated glomerular filtration rates of 20 to 70 ml/min/1.73 m(2) who participated in the Chronic Renal Insufficiency Cohort (CRIC) study were included in the present analysis. PAD was defined as an ankle-brachial index <0.9 or a history of arm or leg revascularization. After adjustment for age, gender, race, cigarette smoking, physical activity, history of hypertension and diabetes, pulse pressure, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, estimated glomerular filtration rate, and CRIC clinical sites, several novel risk factors were significantly associated with PAD. For example, odds ratios for a 1-SD higher level of risk factors were 1.18 (95% confidence interval [CI] 1.08 to 1.29) for log-transformed high-sensitivity C-reactive protein, 1.18 (95% CI 1.08 to 1.29) for white blood cell count, 1.15 (95% CI 1.05 to 1.25) for fibrinogen, 1.13 (95% CI 1.03 to 1.24) for uric acid, 1.14 (95% CI 1.02 to 1.26) for glycosylated hemoglobin, 1.11 (95% CI 1.00 to 1.23) for log-transformed homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance, and 1.35 (95% CI 1.18 to 1.55) for cystatin C. In conclusion, these data indicate that inflammation, prothrombotic state, oxidative stress, insulin resistance, and cystatin C were associated with an increased prevalence of PAD in patients with CKD. Further studies are warranted to examine the causal effect of these risk factors on PAD in patients with CKD.

Short-term and long-term outcomes of acute kidney injury after lung transplantation.

BACKGROUND: The effect of acute kidney injury (AKI) after lung transplantation has been described infrequently and with inconsistent results. Using a newly adopted and validated definition of AKI proposed by the Acute Kidney Injury Network (AKIN), we examined the incidence of AKI and associated renal morbidity and short-term and long-term mortality. METHODS: We retrospectively evaluated data of 657 patients who underwent lung transplantation from 1997 to 2009. Outcomes analyzed were the incidence of AKI, as defined and categorized into 3 stages according to creatinine criteria from the AKIN classification (AKIN 1, AKIN 2, and AKIN 3), cumulative incidence of chronic kidney disease (CKD), as defined by an estimated glomerular filtration rate ≤ 29 ml/min/1.73 m(2), and/or the onset of end-stage renal disease, as defined by the need for renal replacement therapy for 8 weeks with no recovery on follow-up or need for kidney transplant, and long-term mortality. RESULTS: We identified 424 patients (65%) who had at least 1 AKI (309 [47%] AKIN 1 and 115 [17%] AKIN 2-3) event in the first 2 weeks after transplantation. At 1 year, the cumulative incidence of CKD was 5.8%, 12.8%, 24.5 % in the no-AKI, AKIN 1, and AKIN 2-3 patients, respectively. After a median follow-up of 2.2 years, 277 (42%) died. One-year patient survival was 91%, 82%, 66% in the no-AKI, AKIN 1, and AKIN 2-3 patients, respectively. Adjusting for age, sex, race, type and cause of lung transplant, diabetes, and hypertension, the hazard ratio for death was 1.7 (95% confidence interval, 1.2-2.2; p = 0.0002) for AKIN 1 and 2.9 (95% confidence interval, 1.7-3.7; p < 0.001) for AKIN 2-3. CONCLUSIONS: AKI is a common complication after lung transplantation and is associated with increased risk of CKD and all cause-mortality on long-term follow-up.

Chronic abdominal pain in a patient on maintenance peritoneal dialysis.

Encapsulating peritoneal sclerosis (EPS) is an uncommon but one of the most serious complications in patients on long-term peritoneal dialysis (PD). The diffuse thickening and sclerosis of the peritoneal membrane that characterizes EPS leads to decreased ultrafiltration and ultimately to bowel obstruction. Given that the prognosis of established EPS is poor, early recognition of the preceding symptoms is essential. Computed tomography of the abdomen is a reliable and noninvasive diagnostic tool. Typical computed tomography features of EPS include peritoneal calcification, bowel wall thickening, peritoneal thickening, loculated fluid collections, and tethered bowel loops. These findings are diagnostic of EPS in the appropriate clinical setting. Here we present a case report of chronic abdominal pain in a patient on maintenance PD representing a case of EPS.