Erratum: Pharmacist interventions for appropriate COVID-19 antiviral therapy in long-term care facilities: A public health initiative - ERRATUM.

[This corrects the article DOI: 10.1017/ash.2023.246.].

Education of schoolchildren in cardiopulmonary resuscitation - overview of the current literature.

PURPOSE OF REVIEW: Recognition of cardiac arrest and initiation of cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) can be learned and adequately replicated by schoolchildren. Regular instruction of schoolchildren in CPR is therefore a core element to increase low bystander CPR rates. Thereby, schoolchildren CPR training evolved as own scientific field within the last decade. Aim was to describe current evidence in terms of epidemiology, teaching approaches and political aspects. RECENT FINDINGS: Schoolchildren demonstrate a high motivation to be trained in CPR. Teaching approaches that combine theoretical and practical learning sessions guarantee a sustainable learning effect. Schoolchildren can adequately perform chest compressions and mouth-to-mouth ventilation from the age of 12 years. Use of digital media is a highly promising teaching approach. CPR training conducted by teachers from the own school is effective and guarantees continuous development of CPR skills. Integration of schoolchildren CPR training into school curricula is the foundation for a sustainable increase of lay resuscitation rates in the population. Scientific and political promotion of schoolchildren CPR training is needed to sensitize the population and move bystander CPR in the social focus. SUMMARY: While bystander CPR rates are low in Europe comprehensive establishment of schoolchildren CPR training may sustainably increase survival after cardiac arrest.

Room temperature ionic liquids with two symmetric ions.

Room temperature ionic liquids typically contain asymmetric organic cations. The asymmetry is thought to enhance disorder, thereby providing an entropic counter-balance to the strong, enthalpic, ionic interactions, and leading, therefore, to lower melting points. Unfortunately, the synthesis and purification of such asymmetric cations is typically more demanding. Here we introduce novel room temperature ionic liquids in which both cation and anion are formally symmetric. The chemical basis for this unprecedented behaviour is the incorporation of ether-containing side chains - which increase the configurational entropy - in the cation. Molecular dynamics simulations indicate that the ether-containing side chains transiently sample curled configurations. Our results contradict the long-standing paradigm that at least one asymmetric ion is required for ionic liquids to be molten at room temperature, and hence open up new and simpler design pathways for these remarkable materials.

The efficacy of apneic oxygenation during intubation using a prototype of an oxygenation laryngoscope - a technical simulation.

BACKGROUND: Recently, a non-commercial oxygenation laryngoscope was able to maintain apneic oxygenation during simulated intubation efforts. Since that prototype was 3 mm wider than a standard Macintosh laryngoscope blade, the intubation performance of this device may differ from standard blades. A new prototype of an oxygenation laryngoscope was developed, consisting of a standard-size Macintosh blade and a fixed oxygen supply line to the side. Actually, it is unclear at which point of this blade the oxygen supply line should end to facilitate the best possible oxygen supply for apneic oxygenation. METHODS: In this simulation study using a standardized human airway manikin, the efficacy of apneic oxygenation by oxygen insufflation using standard and modified Macintosh blades was compared: a standard Macintosh blade without oxygen supply line as control, one with an additional oxygen supply line ending proximal near the handle, one with the line ending at the middle of the blade, and one with the line ending near the tip. A preoxygenated test lung was connected to an oximeter with a flow rate of 200ml/min, simulating oxygen consumption of a male adult, and to the trachea of an anatomically correctly shaped airway manikin. Apneic oxygenation was performed and oxygen content was measured over a 20-minutes observation period. Experiments were repeated five times for each laryngoscope blade. RESULTS: Oxygen percentage in the test lung dropped from 100 ± 0% at the start of the experiment to 53 ± 1.5% in the room air control group (p < 0.001 compared to all other groups), and to 74 ± 2.5% in the proximal oxygen line group, whereas oxygen percentage remained at 100% in both the medium and distal oxygen line groups (p = 1 between these groups; p < 0.001 between all other groups). CONCLUSIONS: In this simulation study with a preoxygenated airway manikin, the use of a modified Macintosh laryngoscope blade with oxygen line attached at the tip or at the middle were able to maintain apneic oxygenation without measurable drop of oxygen content over 20 min. Proximal placement of the oxygen supply line still showed an advantage against room air, however it did not completely prevent room air from entering the airway. TRIAL REGISTRATION: Not applicable.

COCO: an annotated Twitter dataset of COVID-19 conspiracy theories.

The COVID-19 pandemic has been accompanied by a surge of misinformation on social media which covered a wide range of different topics and contained many competing narratives, including conspiracy theories. To study such conspiracy theories, we created a dataset of 3495 tweets with manual labeling of the stance of each tweet w.r.t. 12 different conspiracy topics. The dataset thus contains almost 42,000 labels, each of which determined by majority among three expert annotators. The dataset was selected from COVID-19 related Twitter data spanning from January 2020 to June 2021 using a list of 54 keywords. The dataset can be used to train machine learning based classifiers for both stance and topic detection, either individually or simultaneously. BERT was used successfully for the combined task. The dataset can also be used to further study the prevalence of different conspiracy narratives. To this end we qualitatively analyze the tweets, discussing the structure of conspiracy narratives that are frequently found in the dataset. Furthermore, we illustrate the interconnection between the conspiracy categories as well as the keywords.

KIDS SAVE LIVES: Basic Life Support Education for Schoolchildren: A Narrative Review and Scientific Statement From the International Liaison Committee on Resuscitation.

BACKGROUND: Basic life support education for schoolchildren has become a key initiative to increase bystander cardiopulmonary resuscitation rates. Our objective was to review the existing literature on teaching schoolchildren basic life support to identify the best practices to provide basic life support training in schoolchildren. METHODS: After topics and subgroups were defined, a comprehensive literature search was conducted. Systematic reviews and controlled and uncontrolled prospective and retrospective studies containing data on students <20 years of age were included. RESULTS: Schoolchildren are highly motivated to learn basic life support. The CHECK-CALL-COMPRESS algorithm is recommended for all schoolchildren. Regular training in basic life support regardless of age consolidates long-term skills. Young children from 4 years of age are able to assess the first links in the chain of survival. By 10 to 12 years of age, effective chest compression depths and ventilation volumes can be achieved on training manikins. A combination of theoretical and practical training is recommended. Schoolteachers serve as effective basic life support instructors. Schoolchildren also serve as multipliers by passing on basic life support skills to others. The use of age-appropriate social media tools for teaching is a promising approach for schoolchildren of all ages. CONCLUSIONS: Schoolchildren basic life support training has the potential to educate whole generations to respond to cardiac arrest and to increase survival after out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. Comprehensive legislation, curricula, and scientific assessment are crucial to further develop the education of schoolchildren in basic life support.

KIDS SAVE LIVES: Basic Life Support Education for Schoolchildren: A Narrative Review and Scientific Statement From the International Liaison Committee on Resuscitation.

BACKGROUND: Basic life support education for schoolchildren has become a key initiative to increase bystander cardiopulmonary resuscitation rates. Our objective was to review the existing literature on teaching schoolchildren basic life support to identify the best practices to provide basic life support training in schoolchildren. METHODS: After topics and subgroups were defined, a comprehensive literature search was conducted. Systematic reviews and controlled and uncontrolled prospective and retrospective studies containing data on students <20 years of age were included. RESULTS: Schoolchildren are highly motivated to learn basic life support. The CHECK-CALL-COMPRESS algorithm is recommended for all schoolchildren. Regular training in basic life support regardless of age consolidates long-term skills. Young children from 4 years of age are able to assess the first links in the chain of survival. By 10 to 12 years of age, effective chest compression depths and ventilation volumes can be achieved on training manikins. A combination of theoretical and practical training is recommended. Schoolteachers serve as effective basic life support instructors. Schoolchildren also serve as multipliers by passing on basic life support skills to others. The use of age-appropriate social media tools for teaching is a promising approach for schoolchildren of all ages. CONCLUSIONS: Schoolchildren basic life support training has the potential to educate whole generations to respond to cardiac arrest and to increase survival after out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. Comprehensive legislation, curricula, and scientific assessment are crucial to further develop the education of schoolchildren in basic life support.

COVID-19 and 5G conspiracy theories: long term observation of a digital wildfire.

The COVID-19 pandemic has severely affected the lives of people worldwide, and consequently, it has dominated world news since March 2020. Thus, it is no surprise that it has also been the topic of a massive amount of misinformation, which was most likely amplified by the fact that many details about the virus were not known at the start of the pandemic. While a large amount of this misinformation was harmless, some narratives spread quickly and had a dramatic real-world effect. Such events are called digital wildfires. In this paper we study a specific digital wildfire: the idea that the COVID-19 outbreak is somehow connected to the introduction of 5G wireless technology, which caused real-world harm in April 2020 and beyond. By analyzing early social media contents we investigate the origin of this digital wildfire and the developments that lead to its wide spread. We show how the initial idea was derived from existing opposition to wireless networks, how videos rather than tweets played a crucial role in its propagation, and how commercial interests can partially explain the wide distribution of this particular piece of misinformation. We then illustrate how the initial events in the UK were echoed several months later in different countries around the world.

[Medical emergencies during running events]. / Notfallmedizinische Aspekte bei Laufveranstaltungen.

Background: The number of short- and long-distance running events in Germany is increasing. Running as a popular sport is practiced by a large number of people of different ages, risk groups, and degrees of professionalism, which results in a wide range of medical emergencies. Objective: The present article elucidates incidence, pathophysiology and therapy of relevant emergencies during running events. Aim was the optimization of work processes of emergency personnel. Materials and methods: A literature search was conducted in PubMed. Results: Exercise-associated muscle cramps, gastrointestinal symptoms, collapse, compartment syndrome, and tendinopathy are common clinical manifestations. Cardiac arrest and sudden cardiac death are rare events. Consciousness and seizures are major complications. Disseminated intravascular coagulation, exercise-associated hyponatremia, heat stroke, rhabdomyolysis, and thromboembolism are associated with high morbidity and mortality. Substances increasing pain resilience as well as performance-enhancing substances are popular among amateur and professional runners and are associated with a high incidence of side effects. Conclusion: General symptoms including vomiting, fever, collapse, muscle-pain, nausea and weakness are the leading symptoms during running events. A careful anamnesis is important for targeted clinical therapy. Symptom control is the main task. Fluid management the most challenging task for healthcare providers in the prehospital setting.

Spatial distribution and incidence of HIV/AIDS cases in Santa Cruz do Sul, state of Rio Grande do Sul, 2001 to 2020. / Distribuição espacial e incidência de casos de HIV/aids em Santa Cruz do Sul, Rio Grande do Sul, 2001 a 2020.

OBJECTIVE: to describe the spatial distribution, treatment status and characteristics of cases of people infected with the human immunodeficiency virus HIV in Santa Cruz do Sul, RS, 2001 to 2020. METHODS: descriptive study with data from individuals undergoing treatment for HIV/AIDS, in Santa Cruz do Sul, diagnosed from January 2001 to October 2020. RESULTS: 708 (94.4%) cases were analyzed, of these (58.2%) were male, with a mean age of 39 years, the maximum incidence rate was in 2019 (59.4/100,000 inhabitants), there was a high frequency of cases in the south and central region of the city, 92.9% of these individuals were still in active treatment and the dropout rate was 7.1% in the period. CONCLUSION: a higher incidence of HIV was observed in adult male, from the central and southern regions of the city, with a treatment rate close to the goals of the World Health Organization and a low dropout rate.

Identification of the Optimal Position of a Nasal Oxygen Cannula for Apneic Oxygenation: A Technical Simulation.

Background: In a cannot-ventilate-cannot-intubate situation, careful preoxygenation with high FiO2 allowing subsequent apneic oxygenation can be life-saving. The best position for an oxygen supply line within the human airway at which oxygen insufflation is more effective than standard preoxygenation with a face mask is unknown. Methods: In this experimental study, we compared the effectiveness of preoxygenation by placing an oxygen cannula at the nose entrance, through the nose at the soft palatine, or at the base of the tongue; as a control we used ambient air. We connected a fully preoxygenated test lung on one side to an oximeter with a flow rate of 200 mL/min simulating the oxygen consumption of a normal adult on the other side of the trachea of an anatomically correctly shaped airway manikin over a 20 min observation period five times for each cannula placement in a random order. Results: The oxygen percentage in the test lung dropped from 100% in all groups to 53 ± 1% in the ambient air control group, to 87 ± 2% in the nasal cannula group, and to 96 ± 2% in the soft palatine group; it remained at 99 ± 1% in the base of the tongue group (p = 0.003 for the soft palatine vs. base of the tongue and p < 0.001 for all other groups). Conclusions: When simulating apneic oxygenation in a preoxygenated manikin, oxygen insufflation at the base of the tongue kept the oxygen percentage at baseline values of 99%, demonstrating a complete block of ambient air flowing into the airway of the manikin. Oxygen insufflation at the soft palatine or insufflation via a nasal cannula were less effective regarding this effect.

Spatial distribution and incidence of HIV/AIDS cases in Santa Cruz do Sul, state of Rio Grande do Sul, 2001 to 2020 / Distribución espacial e incidencia de casos de VIH/SIDA en Santa Cruz do Sul, Rio Grande dol Sul, 2001 a 2020 / Distribuição espacial e incidência de casos de HIV/aids em Santa Cruz do Sul, Rio Grande do Sul, 2001 a 2020

Objective: to describe the spatial distribution, treatment status and characteristics of cases of people infected with the human immunodeficiency virus HIV in Santa Cruz do Sul, RS, 2001 to 2020. Methods: descriptive study with data from individuals undergoing treatment for HIV/AIDS, in Santa Cruz do Sul, diagnosed from January 2001 to October 2020. Results: 708 (94.4%) cases were analyzed, of these (58.2%) were male, with a mean age of 39 years, the maximum incidence rate was in 2019 (59.4/100,000 in habitants), there was a high frequency of cases in the south and central region of the city, 92.9% of these individuals were still in active treatment and the dropout rate was 7.1% in the period. Conclusion: a higher incidence of HIV was observed in adult male, from the central and southern regions of the city, with a treatment rate close to the goals of the World Health Organization and a low dropout rate.

Objetivo: describir la distribución espacial, estado de tratamiento y características de los casos de personas infectadas por el virus de la inmunodeficiencia humana en Santa Cruz do Sul, RS, 2001 hasta 2020. Métodos: estudio descriptivo con datos de individuos en tratamiento por VIH/SIDA, en Santa Cruz do Sul, diagnosticados de enero de 2001 a octubre de 2020. Resultados: se analizaron 708 (94,4%) casos, de estos (58,2%) eran del sexo masculino, con una edad media de 39 años, la tasa de incidencia máxima fue en 2019 (59,4/100.000 habitantes), hubo una alta frecuencia de casos en la región sur y centro del municipio, el 92,9% de estos individuos seguían en tratamiento activo y la deserción fue del 7,1% en el período. Conclusión: se observó una mayor incidencia de VIH en hombres adultos, de las regiones centro y sur de la ciudad, con una tasa de tratamiento cercana a las metas de la Organización Mundial de la Salud y una baja tasa de deserción.

Objetivo: descrever a distribuição espacial, a situação do tratamento e as características dos casos de pessoas infectadas pelo vírus da imunodeficiência humana (HIV), em Santa Cruz do Sul/RS, de 2001 a 2020. Métodos: estudo descritivo com dados de indivíduos em tratamento para HIV/aids, em Santa Cruz do Sul, diagnosticados no período de janeiro de 2001 a outubro de 2020. Resultados: foram analisados 708 (94,4%) casos, dos quais 58,2% eram do sexo masculino, com idade média de 39 anos. A taxa de incidência máxima foi registrada em 2019 (59,4/100 mil habitantes), e observou-se frequência elevada de casos nas regiões sul e central do município; 92,9% dos indivíduos continuavam em tratamento ativo, e a taxa de abandono alcançou 7,1% no período. Conclusão: observou-se uma maior incidência de HIV entre adultos do sexo masculino, das regiões central e sul da cidade, com uma taxa de tratamento próxima às metas da Organização Mundial da Saúde (OMS) e baixa taxa de abandono.

Shedding of the Endothelial Glycocalyx Independent of Systemic Tryptase Release during Oncologic Oral Surgery: An Observational Study.

The endothelial glycocalyx and endothelial surface layer are crucial for several functions of the vasculature. Damage to the glycocalyx ("shedding") occurs during diverse clinical conditions, including major surgery. Mast cell tryptase has been proposed as one possible "sheddase". During oncologic oral surgery, glycocalyx shedding could be detrimental due to loss of vascular barrier function and consequent oedema in the musculocutaneous flap graft. Concentrations of the glycocalyx components heparan sulphate and syndecan-1, as well as of tryptase in blood serum before and after surgery, were measured in 16 patients undergoing oncologic oral surgery. Secondary measures were the concentrations of these substances on postoperative days 1 and 2. Heparan sulphate rose from 692 (median, interquartile range: 535-845) to 810 (638-963) ng/mL during surgery. Syndecan-1 increased from 35 (22-77) ng/mL to 138 (71-192) ng/mL. Tryptase remained virtually unchanged with 4.2 (3-5.6) before and 4.2 (2.5-5.5) ng/mL after surgery. Concentrations of heparan sulphate and syndecan-1 in serum increased during surgery, indicating glycocalyx shedding. Tryptase concentration remained equal, suggesting other sheddases than systemic tryptase release to be responsible for damage to the glycocalyx. Investigating strategies to protect the glycocalyx during oncologic oral surgery might hold potential to improve flap viability and patient outcome.

Comparing suction rates of novel DuCanto catheter against Yankauer and standard suction catheter using liquids of different viscosity-a technical simulation.

PURPOSE: Aspiration is a feared complication that may occur during airway management, and can significantly contribute to morbidity and mortality. Availability of a suctioning device with a suction catheter capable of clearing the airway is mandatory for airway management. However, suction performance may be significantly different amongst different suction catheters. The aim of this study was to compare suction rates of a standard 14 Ch suction catheter (SC), a Yankauer catheter (Y) and a DuCanto catheter (DC) using 4 fluids with different viscosity. METHODS: In this simulation trial, 4 preparations with standardized viscosity were prepared using a Xanthane-based medical fluid thickener. Lowest viscosity was achieved using tap water without thickener, syrup-like viscosity was achieved by adding 10 g per liter tap water, honey-like viscosity was achieved by adding 20 g per liter, and a pudding-like viscosity was achieved by adding 30 g of thickening powder per liter tap water. Each preparation was suctioned for 15 s with the three different suctioning devices. Measurements were repeated four times. The amount of removed preparation by suctioning was measured using a tared scale. RESULTS: Suction rates for water were 580 ± 34 mg for SC, 888 ± 5 mg for Y and 1087 ± 15 for DC; for syrup-like viscosity it was 383 ± 34(SC) vs. 661 ± 64(Y) vs. 935 ± 42(DC); for honey-like viscosity it was 191 ± 21(SC) vs. 426 ± 34(Y) vs. 590 ± 68(DC); and for pudding-like viscosity 74 ± 13(SC) vs. 164 ± 6(Y) vs. 211 ± 8(DC). CONCLUSION: Suctioning liquids of different viscosity, the new DuCanto catheter was more effective than the Yankauer catheter that was more effective than a standard suctioning catheter. The relative superiority of the DuCanto was highest in fluids with high viscosity.

Addressing the Helper's and Victim's Gender Is Crucial in Schoolchildren Resuscitation Training-A Prospective, Educative Interventional Trial.

Background: A victim's gender is a known factor that influences the willingness of adult bystanders to perform cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) if an out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA) occurs. This study aims to identify whether gender characteristics of OHCA victims are also relevant to schoolchildren, who are the key target group of CPR trainings worldwide. Methods: A prospective, educative intervention study was performed in schoolchildren (5th−7th grade). Schoolchildren's willingness to perform CPR was assessed by means of questionnaires before (t0) and after (t1) standardized CPR training. Participants were asked how determined they were to perform CPR in male and female OHCA victims on a 5-point Likert scale (not being determined to being very determined). A data analysis was performed according to the gender characteristics of schoolchildren. Results: Overall, 342 schoolchildren aged 10−15 years were included, and 166 male (MG) and 176 female (FG) schoolchildren served as a comparison group. Before (t0) and after (t1) the intervention, females showed a significantly higher general willingness to perform CPR than males (t0: 97.1% vs. 89.0%; p < 0.003 and t1: 95.7% vs. 98.9%; p = 0.038). The general willingness to perform CPR after training had a stronger increase in males (8.0% vs. 2.3%; p = 0.017). In the case that the OHCA victim was female, male schoolchildren were less willing to perform CPR than females at baseline (MG: n = 101;60.8% vs. FG: n = 147;84.5%; p < 0.001) and after training (MG: n = 97;58.4% vs. FG: n = 138;79.3%; p < 0.001). At t1, CPR willingness for female victims was improved in males (MG: n = 36;21.7% vs. FG: n = 19;10.9%; p = 0.006). Conclusions: The gender characteristics of OHCA victims, as well as schoolchildren themselves, have a relevant impact on the willingness to perform CPR. Training concepts should effectively motivate male schoolchildren to reduce preexisting inhibitions, especially towards female OHCA patients. Trial registration: This study was registered at the German Clinical Trials Register (Registration number: DRKS00017707) on 2 August 2019.

The connectivity network underlying the German's Twittersphere: a testbed for investigating information spreading phenomena.

Online social networks are ubiquitous, have billions of users, and produce large amounts of data. While platforms like Reddit are based on a forum-like organization where users gather around topics, Facebook and Twitter implement a concept in which individuals represent the primary entity of interest. This makes them natural testbeds for exploring individual behavior in large social networks. Underlying these individual-based platforms is a network whose "friend" or "follower" edges are of binary nature only and therefore do not necessarily reflect the level of acquaintance between pairs of users. In this paper,we present the network of acquaintance "strengths" underlying the German Twittersphere. To that end, we make use of the full non-verbal information contained in tweet-retweet actions to uncover the graph of social acquaintances among users, beyond pure binary edges. The social connectivity between pairs of users is weighted by keeping track of the frequency of shared content and the time elapsed between publication and sharing. Moreover, we also present a preliminary topological analysis of the German Twitter network. Finally, making the data describing the weighted German Twitter network of acquaintances, we discuss how to apply this framework as a ground basis for investigating spreading phenomena of particular contents.

Facilitators and barriers for the implementation of resuscitation training programmes for schoolchildren: A systematic review.

BACKGROUND: Training schoolchildren in resuscitation seems to improve rates of resuscitation by bystanders. Leading medical societies recommend comprehensive resuscitation education in schools. To date, no widespread implementation within the European Union has happened. OBJECTIVE: The study aim was to identify facilitators and barriers for the implementation of cardiopulmonary resuscitation training for schoolchildren within the European Union. DESIGN: Systematic review. DATA SOURCES: A literature search in PubMed was conducted between 1 January 1999 and 30 June 2020 in accordance with the PRISMA statement. The search terms 'resuscitation', 'children' and 'Europe' were combined with the Boolean Operator 'AND' and 'OR'. Medical subject heading terms were used in order to include relevant articles. ELIGIBILITY CRITERIA: Articles were included if cardiopulmonary resuscitation training specifically tailored for schoolchildren aged 12 to 18 years was considered in countries of the European Union. Articles that fulfilled the following criteria were excluded: duplicates, training methods only for specific patient groups, articles not accessible in the English language, and articles that did not include original data.Findings were structured by an evidence-based six-level approach to examine barriers and facilitators in healthcare. RESULTS: Thirty out of 2005 articles were identified. Large variations in cardiopulmonary resuscitation training approaches ranging from conventional to innovative training methods can be observed. Schoolteachers as resuscitation instructors act either as barrier or facilitator depending on their personal attitude and their exposure to training in resuscitation. Cardiopulmonary resuscitation training in schoolchildren is effective. The uncoordinated interplay between the generally motivated schools and the political orientation towards resuscitation training for schoolchildren serve as barrier. The lack of financial support, absent systematic organisation, and standardisation of training create major barriers. CONCLUSION: Training schoolchildren in cardiopulmonary resuscitation is effective. More financial support and political guidance is needed. Until then, local initiatives, motivated teachers, and dedicated principles combined with innovative and low-cost training methods facilitate cardiopulmonary resuscitation training in schools.

A special oropharyngeal oxygenation device to facilitate apneic oxygenation in comparison to high flow oxygenation devices.

Oxygen application and apneic oxygenation may reduce the risk of hypoxemia due to apnea during awake fiberoptic intubation or failed endotracheal intubation. High flow devices are recommended, but their effect compared to moderate deep oropharyngeal oxygen application is unknown. Designed as an experimental manikin trial, we made a comparison between oxygen application via nasal prongs at 10 L/min (control group), applying oxygen via oropharyngeal oxygenation device (at 10 L/min), oxygen application via high flow nasal oxygen with 20 L/min and 90% oxygen (20 L/90% group), oxygen application via high flow nasal oxygen with 60 L/min and 45% oxygen (60 L/45% group), and oxygen application via sealed face mask with a special adapter to allow for fiberoptic entering of the airway. We preoxygenated the lung of a manikin and measured the decrease in oxygen level during the following 20 minutes for each way of oxygen application. Oxygen levels fell from 97 ± 1% at baseline to 75 ± 1% in control group, and to 86 ± 1% in oropharyngeal oxygenation device group. In the high flow nasal oxygen group, oxygen level dropped to 72 ± 1% in the 20 L/90% group and to 44 ± 1% in the 60 L/45% group. Oxygen level remained at 98 ± 0% in the face mask group. In conclusion, in this manikin simulation study of apneic oxygenation, oxygen insufflation using a sealed face mask kept oxygen levels in the test lung at 98% over 20 minutes, oral oxygenation device led to oxygen levels at 86%, whereas all other methods resulted in the decrease of oxygen levels below 75%.

Distribuição espacial e incidência de casos de HIV/aids em Santa Cruz do Sul, Rio Grande do Sul, 2001 a 2020 / Distribución espacial e incidencia de casos de VIH/SIDA en Santa Cruz do Sul, Rio Grande do Sul, 2001 a 2020 / Spatial distribution and incidence of HIV/AIDS cases in Santa Cruz do Sul, state of Rio Grande do Sul, 2001 to 2020

Objetivo: descrever a distribuição espacial, a situação do tratamento e as características dos casos de pessoas infectadas pelo vírus da imunodeficiência humana (HIV), em Santa Cruz do Sul/RS, de 2001 a 2020. Métodos: estudo descritivo com dados de indivíduos em tratamento para HIV/aids, em Santa Cruz do Sul, diagnosticados no período de janeiro de 2001 a outubro de 2020. Resultados: foram analisados 708 (94,4%) casos, dos quais 58,2% eram do sexo masculino, com idade média de 39 anos. A taxa de incidência máxima foi registrada em 2019 (59,4/100 mil habitantes), e observou-se frequência elevada de casos nas regiões sul e central do município; 92,9% dos indivíduos continuavam em tratamento ativo, e a taxa de abandono alcançou 7,1% no período. Conclusão: observou-se uma maior incidência de HIV entre adultos do sexo masculino, das regiões central e sul da cidade, com uma taxa de tratamento próxima às metas da Organização Mundial da Saúde (OMS) e baixa taxa de abandono.

Objetivo: describir la distribución espacial, estado del tratamiento y características de los casos de personas infectadas por el virus de la inmunodeficiencia humana (VIH), en Santa Cruz do Sul, RS, de 2001 hasta 2020. Métodos: estudio descriptivo con datos de individuos en tratamiento por VIH/SIDA, en Santa Cruz do Sul, diagnosticados de enero de 2001 a octubre de 2020. Resultados: se analizaron 708 (94,4%) casos, de estos (58,2%) eran del sexo masculino, con una edad promedio de 39 años, la tasa de incidencia máxima fue en 2019 (59,4/100.000 habitantes), hubo una alta frecuencia de casos en la región sur y central del municipio, el 92,9% de estos individuos seguían en tratamiento activo y la deserción fue del 7,1% en el período. Conclusión: se observó una mayor incidencia de VIH en personas del sexo masculino adultas, de las regiones central y sur de la ciudad, con una tasa de tratamiento cercana a las metas de la Organización Mundial de la Salud y una baja tasa de deserción.

Objective: to describe the spatial distribution, treatment status and characteristics of cases of people infected with the human immunodeficiency virus HIV in Santa Cruz do Sul, RS, 2001 to 2020. Methods: descriptive study with data from individuals undergoing treatment for HIV/AIDS, in Santa Cruz do Sul, diagnosed from January 2001 to October 2020. Results: 708 (94.4%) cases were analyzed, of these (58.2%) were male, with a mean age of 39 years, the maximum incidence rate was in 2019 (59.4/100,000 inhabitants), there was a high frequency of cases in the south and central region of the city, 92.9% of these individuals were still in active treatment and the dropout rate was 7.1% in the period. Conclusion: a higher incidence of HIV was observed in adult male, from the central and southern regions of the city, with a treatment rate close to the goals of the World Health Organization and a low dropout rate.

KIDS SAVE LIVES in schools: cross-sectional survey of schoolteachers.

Training schoolchildren in basic life support (BLS) is strongly recommended to effectively increase bystander cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) rates. Paediatricians and other health staff members used to be involved in BLS training, but the wide dissemination of BLS skills would need additional support; as a solution, schoolteachers might have enough knowledge necessary to help to achieve this goal. The aim of this cross-sectional survey study, which involved 3423 schoolteachers, was to evaluate the knowledge related to first aid (FA) and BLS of schoolteachers in Spain. In addition, the study aimed to evaluate the content taught to the schoolchildren regarding FA and teachers' attitudes towards teaching FA. Three-quarters of the surveyed schoolteachers reported knowing FA, and 17% reported teaching it. The emergency medical telephone number and CPR were the subjects taught most often by schoolteachers. However, the schoolteachers demonstrated a lack of knowledge in the identification of cardiac arrest and in CPR. Ninety-eight percent of the respondents agreed with including FA training in schools and as part of university degree programmes and supported the KIDS SAVE LIVES statement. Teaching FA was a positive predictor to be willing to perform CPR (OR: 1.7; 95% CI 1.32-2.31) and to use a defibrillator (OR: 1.4; 95% CI 1.10-1.67).Conclusions: Schoolteachers are willing to teach FA in schools. However, more training and specific curricula are needed to increase the quality of schoolchildren's CPR training. The training of schoolteachers in CPR might be the foundation for the sustainable transfer of CPR-related knowledge to schoolchildren. Therefore, the inclusion of FA and BLS in university degree programmes seems to be essential. What is Known: • Bystander cardiopulmonary resuscitation rates are associated with improved survival rates. • Resuscitation training in schools increases the bystander cardiopulmonary resuscitation rate. What is New: • Schoolteachers are willing to teach basic life support, but they need more and better training. • Schoolteachers agreed with the inclusion of first aid training in schools and university degree programmes aimed at training teachers/undergraduate teaching degrees.