ABSTRACT
Bacterial and viral infections cause high rates of morbidity and mortality in premature newborns. In the setting of viral infection, pDCs play a key role as strong producers of IFN-α upon TLR9 activation. We analyzed pDC frequency, phenotype, morphology, and function in CB of preterm and term newborns in comparison with adults. Whereas all age groups show similar pDC numbers, BDCA-2, CD123, and TLR9 levels, the expression of BDCA-4 and capacity to produce IFN-α upon TLR9 challenge were decreased significantly in preterm neonates. Furthermore, we show by means of electron microscopy that pDCs from preterm newborns exhibit a distinct, "immature" morphology. Taken together, these findings suggest decreased functionality of pDCs in the premature newborn. The reduced capacity to produce IFN-α is likely to render such infants more susceptible to viral infections.
Subject(s)
Dendritic Cells/physiology , Infant, Premature/immunology , Adult , Age Factors , Antigens, Surface/analysis , Cell Count , Cells, Cultured , Dendritic Cells/ultrastructure , Humans , Infant, Newborn , Interferon-alpha/biosynthesis , Interleukin-3 Receptor alpha Subunit/analysis , Thrombomodulin , Toll-Like Receptor 9/physiologyABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: Cutaneous granulomas after a soft filler injection represent one of the worst scenarios for both patient and injector. OBJECTIVES: To present clinical and histopathological features of granulomatous nodular reactions induced by a new alginate-based dermal filler (Novabel(®)), and put it in context of the process of injectable soft tissue fillers approval and promotion in the EU. METHODS: A case series of four patients injected with Novabel(®) for volume restoration of the face and hands, who developed severe foreign body reactions. RESULTS: Four patients injected with Novabel(®) into tear troughs and/or dorsa of hands developed severe granulomatous reactions within months after injections. As we injected with the new filler into a total of 10 patients, a high incidence of 40% of the disfiguring adverse effect was observed. The inadequate response of manufacturer to our reporting the side-effects along with the available data on registration process of dermal fillers confirmed that the area is not well-regulated. CONCLUSIONS: The status of dermal fillers as class III medical devices, and the process of their approval and marketing in the EU need to be seriously reconsidered to avoid unnecessary and serious adverse reactions.
