ABSTRACT
The effect of different management measures on the nutrient losses from crop and animal husbandry systems, in particular nitrogen, and on the total income of model farming enterprises was investigated. Such measures are considered as powerful options for meeting the requirements of "cross compliance" within the Agenda 2000 midterm review of the CAP. Optimisation of the storage and handling of animal manure was shown to be the most important and cost effective measure to reduce nutrient losses on farms. Other measures such as protein and phosphorus adapted feeding, maintaining a year-round cover crop on arable land and conservation tillage were also effective and it is recommended that these are adopted into farming practices. In general, measures that have both a high potential to reduce nutrient losses and are cheap to apply, and therefore have little effect on the overall profitability of farms, should be given priority in water protection policies.
Subject(s)
Agriculture/economics , Animal Husbandry/economics , Conservation of Natural Resources/economics , Water Pollution/prevention & control , Animals , Cattle , Crops, Agricultural , Fertilizers/economics , Fresh Water , Models, Economic , Nitrogen/analysis , Nitrogen/economics , Pesticides/economics , Phosphorus , Swine , Taxes , Water Movements , Water Pollutants, Chemical/analysis , Water Pollutants, Chemical/economics , Water SupplyABSTRACT
The oncogenic latent membrane protein 1 (LMP1) of the Epstein-Barr virus recruits tumor necrosis factor-receptor (TNFR)-associated factors (TRAFs), the TNFR-associated death domain protein (TRADD) and JAK3 to induce intracellular signaling pathways. LMP1 serves as the prototype of a TRADD-binding receptor that transforms cells but does not induce apoptosis. Here we show that TRAF6 critically mediates LMP1 signaling to p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) via a MAPK kinase 6-dependent pathway. In addition, NF-kappaB but not c-Jun N-terminal kinase 1 (JNK1) induction by LMP1 involves TRAF6. The PxQxT motif of the LMP1 C-terminal activator region 1 (CTAR1) and tyrosine 384 of CTAR2 together are essential for full p38 MAPK activation and for TRAF6 recruitment to the LMP1 signaling complex. Dominant-negative TRADD blocks p38 MAPK activation by LMP1. The data suggest that entry of TRAF6 into the LMP1 complex is mediated by TRADD and TRAF2. In TRAF6-knockout fibroblasts, significant induction of p38 MAPK by LMP1 is dependent on the ectopic expression of TRAF6. We describe a novel role of TRAF6 as an essential signaling mediator of a transforming oncogene, downstream of TRADD and TRAF2.
