Advancing analytical electron microscopy methodologies to characterise microstructural features in superalloys.

Electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) generally links crystallographic orientation to the microstructure of crystalline materials. EBSD datasets are now commonly used to identify phases, grains, and their orientations using off-the-shelf software, although substantial additional information may be extracted. Due to the lack of commercially available software, advanced analyses are often done manually and provide only localised information, lacking statistical significance. Here we introduce novel automated methodologies for advanced analyses of microstructural features in Ni-based superalloys. Our methodologies provide additional insights into the characteristics of these features and their underlying physical phenomena. We showcase how to correct wrongly indexed γ/γ' interface artefacts in combined EBSD and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) measurements, how to classify recrystallised grains based on their location, how to assess and visualise grain boundary planes, and how to study the evolution of Σ3 twins during hot deformation. We further demonstrate how phase fractions and grain sizes are more accurately determined in combined EBSD-EDS measurements. The classification of recrystallised grains into different groups enables individual analyses, facilitating the straightforward identification of the underlying recrystallisation mechanism. Our grain boundary plane analysis provides insights into the coherence of Σ3 twins and the potential boundary planes of incoherent Σ3 boundaries. The current paper is a tutorial-style guide for these methodologies. The algorithms are made freely available and, although demonstrated here on Ni-based superalloys, can also be applied to other systems.

Secukinumab demonstrated sustained retention, effectiveness and safety in a real-world setting in patients with moderate-to-severe plaque psoriasis: long-term results from an interim analysis of the SERENA study.

BACKGROUND: Randomized controlled trials of secukinumab have shown sustained efficacy and a favourable safety profile in multiple manifestations of psoriatic disease. OBJECTIVES: To assess the long-term, real-world retention, effectiveness and safety of secukinumab in routine clinical practice for the treatment of moderate-to-severe plaque-type psoriasis (PsO). METHODS: SERENA (CAIN457A3403) is a large, ongoing, longitudinal, observational study conducted at 438 sites and 19 countries for an expected duration of up to 5 years in adult patients with moderate-to-severe PsO, psoriatic arthritis and ankylosing spondylitis. Patients received ≥16 weeks of secukinumab treatment before enrolment. This interim analysis presents data from PsO patients, who were enrolled in the study between October-2016 and October-2018 and were observed for ≥2 years. RESULTS: In total, 1756 patients (67.3% male) with a mean age of 48.4 years and body mass index of 28.8 kg/m2 were included in the analysis. The secukinumab treatment retention rates after 1, 2 and 3 years in the study were 88.0%, 76.4% and 60.5%, respectively. Of the 648 patients who discontinued the study, the most common reasons included lack of efficacy (42.6%), adverse event (17.4%), physician decision (12.2%) and subject decision (11.6%). Mean ± SD absolute PASI was 21.0 ± 13.0 at the start of treatment (n = 1,564). At baseline, the mean ± SD PASI score reduced to 2.6 ± 4.8 and remained low at Year 1 (2.3 ± 4.3), Year 2 (1.9 ± 3.6) and Year 3 (1.9 ± 3.5). The safety profile of secukinumab during the SERENA study was consistent with its known safety profile, with no new safety signals reported. Particularly, low rates of inflammatory bowel disease (0.3%; Incidence Rate [IR]:0.15), candida infections (3.1%; IR:1.43) and MACE (0.9%; IR:0.37) were observed. CONCLUSIONS: Secukinumab showed high treatment persistence, sustained effectiveness and a favourable safety profile up to 3 years of follow-up in the real-world population of PsO patients observed in SERENA.

Aetiology of Canine Infectious Respiratory Disease Complex and Prevalence of its Pathogens in Europe.

The canine infectious respiratory disease complex (CIRDC) is an endemic worldwide syndrome involving multiple viral and bacterial pathogens. Traditionally, Bordetella bronchiseptica (Bb), canine adenovirus type 2 (CAV-2), canine distemper virus (CDV), canine herpesvirus (CHV) and canine parainfluenza virus (CPiV) were considered the major causative agents. Lately, new pathogens have been implicated in the development of CIRDC, namely canine influenza virus (CIV), canine respiratory coronavirus (CRCoV), canine pneumovirus (CnPnV), Mycoplasma cynos and Streptococcus equi subspecies zooepidemicus. To better understand the role of the different pathogens in the development of CIRDC and their epidemiological relevance in Europe, prevalence data were collected from peer-reviewed publications and summarized. Evidence of exposure to Bb is frequently found in healthy and diseased dogs and client-owned dogs are as likely to be infected as kennelled dogs. Co-infections with viral pathogens are common. The findings confirm that Bb is an important cause of CIRDC in Europe. CAV-2 and CDV recovery rates from healthy and diseased dogs are low and the most likely explanation for this is control through vaccination. Seroconversion to CHV can be demonstrated following CIRDC outbreaks and CHV has been detected in the lower respiratory tract of diseased dogs. There is some evidence that CHV is not a primary cause of CIRDC, but opportunistically re-activates at the time of infection and exacerbates the disease. The currently available data suggest that CIV is, at present, neither a prevalent nor a significant pathogen in Europe. CPiV remains an important pathogen in CIRDC and facilitates co-infection with other viral and bacterial pathogens. CnPnV and CRCoV are important new elements in the aetiology of CIRDC and spread particularly well in multi-dog establishments. M. cynos is common in Europe and is more likely to occur in younger and kennelled dogs. This organism is frequently found together with other CIRDC pathogens and is significantly associated with more severe respiratory signs. S. zooepidemicus infection is not common and appears to be a particular problem in kennels. Protective immunity against respiratory diseases is rarely complete, and generally only a reduction in clinical signs and excretion of pathogen can be achieved through vaccination. However, even vaccines that only reduce and do not prevent infection carry epidemiological advantages. They reduce spread, increase herd immunity and decrease usage of antimicrobials. Recommending vaccination of dogs against pathogens of CIRDC will directly provide epidemiological advantages to the population and the individual dog.

Pre- and post-puberty expression of genes and proteins in the uterus of Bos indicus heifers: the luteal phase effect post-puberty.

Progesterone signaling and uterine function are crucial in terms of pregnancy establishment. To investigate how the uterine tissue and its secretion changes in relation to puberty, we sampled tissue and uterine fluid from six pre- and six post-pubertal Brahman heifers. Post-pubertal heifers were sampled in the luteal phase. Gene expression of the uterine tissue was investigated with RNA-sequencing, whereas the uterine fluid was used for protein profiling with mass spectrometry. A total of 4034 genes were differentially expressed (DE) at a nominal P-value of 0.05, and 26 genes were significantly DE after Bonferroni correction (P < 3.1 × 10-6 ). We also identified 79 proteins (out of 230 proteins) that were DE (P < 1 × 10-5 ) in the uterine fluid. When we compared proteomics and transcriptome results, four DE proteins were identified as being encoded by DE genes: OVGP1, GRP, CAP1 and HBA. Except for CAP1, the other three had lower expression post-puberty. The function of these four genes hypothetically related to preparation of the uterus for a potential pregnancy is discussed in the context of puberty. All DE genes and proteins were also used in pathway and ontology enrichment analyses to investigate overall function. The DE genes were enriched for terms related to ribosomal activity. Transcription factors that were deemed key regulators of DE genes are also reported. Transcription factors ZNF567, ZNF775, RELA, PIAS2, LHX4, SOX2, MEF2C, ZNF354C, HMG20A, TCF7L2, ZNF420, HIC1, GTF3A and two novel genes had the highest regulatory impact factor scores. These data can help to understand how puberty influences uterine function.

Adipose tissue proteomic analyses to study puberty in Brahman heifers.

The adipose tissue has been recognized as an active endocrine organ which can modulate numerous physiological processes such as metabolism, appetite, immunity, and reproduction. The aim of this study was to look for differentially abundant proteins and their biological functions in the abdominal adipose tissue between pre- and postpubertal Brahman heifers. Twelve Brahman heifers were divided into 2 groups and paired on slaughter day. Prepubertal heifers had never ovulated and postpubertal heifers were slaughtered on the luteal phase of their second estrous cycle. After ensuring the occurrence of puberty in postpubertal heifers, abdominal adipose tissue samples were collected. Mass spectrometry proteomic analysis identified 646 proteins and revealed that 171 proteins showed differential abundance in adipose tissue between the pre- and postpuberty groups (adjusted P-value < 0.05). Data are available via ProteomeXchange with identifier PXD009452. Using a list of 51 highly differentially abundant proteins as the target (adjusted P-value < 10-5), we found 14 enriched pathways. The results indicated that gluconeogenesis was enhanced when puberty approached. The metabolism of glucose, lipids, and AA in the adipose tissue mainly participated in oxidation and energy supply for heifers when puberty occurred. Our study also revealed the differentially abundant proteins were enriched for estrogen signaling and PI3K-Akt signaling pathways, which are known integrators of metabolism and reproduction. These results suggest new candidate proteins that may contribute to a better understanding of the signaling mechanisms that relate adipose tissue function to puberty. Protein-protein interaction network analysis identified 4 hub proteins that had the highest degrees of connection: PGK1, ALDH5A1, EEF2, and LDHB. Highly connected proteins are likely to influence the functions of all differentially abundant proteins identified, directly or indirectly.

Intra-operative navigation of a 3-dimensional needle localization system for precision of irreversible electroporation needles in locally advanced pancreatic cancer.

INTRODUCTION: Irreversible electroporation (IRE) uses multiple needles and a series of electrical pulses to create pores in cell membranes and cause cell apoptosis. One of the demands of IRE is the precise needle spacing required. Two-dimensional intraoperative ultrasound (2-D iUS) is currently used to measure inter-needle distances but requires significant expertise. This study evaluates the potential of three-dimensional (3-D) image guidance for placing IRE needles and calculating needle spacing. PATIENTS AND METHODS: A prospective clinical evaluation of a 3-D needle localization system (Explorer™) was evaluated in consecutive patients from April 2012 through June 2013 for unresectable pancreatic adenocarcinoma. 3-D reconstructions of patients' anatomy were generated from preoperative CT images, which were aligned to the intraoperative space. RESULTS: Thirty consecutive patients with locally advanced pancreatic cancer were treated with IRE. The needle localization system setup added an average of 6.5 min to each procedure. The 3-D needle localization system increased surgeon confidence and ultimately reduced needle placement time. CONCLUSION: IRE treatment efficacy is highly dependent on accurate needle spacing. The needle localization system evaluated in this study aims to mitigate these issues by providing the surgeon with additional visualization and data in 3-D. The Explorer™ system provides valuable guidance information and inter-needle distance calculations.

Multipass OPCPA system at 100 kHz pumped by a CPA-free solid-state amplifier.

We present a compact few-cycle 100 kHz OPCPA system pumped by a CPA-free picosecond Nd:YVO4 solid-state amplifier with all-optical synchronization to an ultra-broadband Ti:sapphire oscillator. This pump approach shows an exceptional conversion rate into the second harmonic of almost 78%. Efficient parametric amplification was realized by a two stage double-pass scheme with following chirped mirror compressor. The amount of superfluorescence was measured by an optical cross-correlation. Pulses with a duration of 8.7 fs at energies of 18 µJ are demonstrated. Due to the peak power of 1.26 GW, this simple OPCPA approach forms an ideal high repetition rate driving source for high-order harmonic generation.

Long-term stable lung function and second uncomplicated pregnancy on sirolimus in lymphangioleiomyomatosis (LAM).

We present a patient with lymphangioleiomyomatosis (LAM) on long-term sirolimus (now 79 months) who has had a second successful pregnancy. The second pregnancy on uninterrupted low-dose sirolimus (plasma levels 3-5 mg/L) was uncomplicated both with respect to mother and child suggesting that low-dose sirolimus might be safe in selected pregnant patients with stable LAM. The long-term time course in this patient is in agreement with recent reports of a long-term beneficial effect of sirolimus in LAM. In this patient, the pregnancies did not seem to impair the long-term improvement of lung-function on sirolimus.

Radiation dose and quickness of needle CT-interventions using a laser navigation system (LNS) compared with conventional method.

PURPOSE: The aim of this study was to analyse the radiation dose and quickness of needle interventions using a Laser Navigation System (LNS-group) compared with conventional method (control-group). MATERIALS AND METHODS: In this prospective, randomized, comparative study 58 patients (19 females, 39 males; mean age, 62.9 years) were punctured either with LNS (n=29) or with conventional method with a skin mark of the puncture site (n=29). In the LNS method the puncture site was marked with laser without additional CT. Thoracic and abdominal intervention was performed in 30 and 28 patients, respectively. Radiation dose and time of the procedures were analysed. Statistical significance was calculated according to the Mann-Whitney-U-test. RESULTS: Mean target access path in the patients of the LNS group was 6.0 cm (range, 3.0-10.1cm) and in the control group 6.0 cm (range, 1.0-10.3 cm). Time duration of complete intervention in the LNS group was 20:25 min (range, 07:00-34:00 min) and in the control group 28:00 min (range, 13:00-51:00 min). The dose-length-product (DLP) of intervention scan of the LNS group was 42.3 mGy cm (range, 10-125 mGy cm), and of the control group 59.7 mGy cm (range, 25-176.42 mGy cm). CONCLUSION: Using the LNS for CT-guided interventions results in faster intervention time with a lower dose.

Evaluation of image quality and dose reduction of 80 kVp neck computed tomography in patients with suspected peritonsillar abscess.

AIM: To evaluate neck computed tomography (CT) with a reduced tube voltage of 80 kVp in patients with suspected peritonsillar abscess (PTA) regarding objective and subjective image quality, and the potential for dose reduction. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Forty-seven patients with clinically suspected PTA were retrospectively analysed. Patients were examined using dual-source CT in dual-energy mode. The objective and subjective image quality of 80 kVp images were compared with linearly blended 120 kVp images (M_0.3; 30% of 80 kV, 70% of 140 kV spectrum). Attenuation of abscess rim enhancement, central necrosis, and several other anatomical landmarks were measured. The signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), contrast-to-noise ratio (CNR), and rim-to-abscess CNR (raCNR) were calculated. Radiation dose was assessed as size-specific dose estimates (SSDE). Subjective image quality was assessed according to the European guidelines on quality criteria for CT. Interobserver agreement was calculated using the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC). RESULTS: Attenuation of inflamed soft tissue (141.7 ± 16.3 versus 93.7 ± 9.3 HU, p < 0.001), CNR (9.6 ± 4.8 versus 5.6 ± 3.8, p = 0.001), raCNR (14.3 ± 5.9 versus 12.4 ± 4.4, p = 0.02), and subjective image sharpness (3.6 ± 0.6 versus 2.8 ± 0.7, p < 0.001) were significantly increased in the 80 kVp compared to 120 kVp, whereas subjective and objective image noise were significantly increased with 80 kVp acquisition (p < 0.001). Overall interobserver agreement was almost perfect (ICC, 0.87). Calculated SSDE of 80 kVp acquisition was decreased by 49.7% compared to 120 kVp (10.58 ± 0.76 versus 21.04 ± 1.43 mGy, p < 0.001). CONCLUSION: Low-tube-voltage 80 kVp neck CT provides increased enhancement of soft-tissue inflammation, CNR, raCNR, and improved abscess delineation in patients with PTA compared to standard 120 kVp acquisition while resulting in a significant reduction of radiation exposure.

Seventy kilovolt ultra-low dose CT of the paranasal sinus: first clinical results.

AIM: To evaluate the diagnostic image quality and radiation dose of low-dose 70 kV computed tomography (CT) of the paranasal sinus in comparison to 100 and 120 kV CT. MATERIALS AND METHODS: CT of the paranasal sinus was performed in 127 patients divided into three groups using different tube voltages and currents (70 kV/75 mAs, ultra-low dose protocol, n = 44; 100 kV/40 mAs, standard low-dose protocol, n = 42; 120 kV/40 mAs, standard protocol, n = 41). CT dose index (CTDIvol), dose-length product (DLP), attenuation, image noise and signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) were compared between the groups using Wilcoxon-Mann-Whitney U-test. Subjective diagnostic image quality was compared by using a five-point scale (1 = non-diagnostic, 5 = excellent, read by two readers in consensus) and Cohen's weighted kappa analysis for interobserver agreement. RESULTS: Radiation dose was significantly lower with 70 kV acquisition than 100 and 120 kV (DLP: 31 versus 52 versus 82 mGy·cm; CTDI 2.33 versus 3.95 versus 6.31 mGy, all p < 0.05). Mean SNR (70 kV: 0.37; 100 kV: 0.21; 120 kV: 0.13; p < 0.05) and organ attenuation increased significantly with lower voltages. All examinations showed diagnostic image quality. Subjective diagnostic image quality was higher with standard protocols than the 70 kV protocol (120 kV: 5.0; 100 kV: 4.5; 70 kV: 3.5, p < 0.05) without significant differences with substantial interobserver agreement (κ > 0.59). CONCLUSION: The ultra-low dose (70 kV) CT imaging of the paranasal sinus allowed for significant dose reduction by 61% and an increased attenuation of organ structures in comparison to standard acquisition while maintaining diagnostic image quality with a slight reduction in subjective image quality.

Prospective study of bacteraemia in acute haemorrhagic diarrhoea syndrome in dogs.

In dogs with idiopathic acute haemorrhagic diarrhoea syndrome (AHDS), a serious loss of intestinal mucosal barrier integrity occurs. However, the incidence of bacterial translocation in dogs with idiopathic AHDS is not known. Thus, the objectives of this prospective study were to identify the incidence of bacteraemia, to evaluate the frequency of septic events and the influence of bacteraemia on various clinical and laboratory parameters, duration of hospitalisation and survival of dogs with idiopathic AHDS. The study included 87 dogs with idiopathic AHDS. Twenty-one healthy dogs served as control group. To evaluate clinical significance of bacterial translocation, blood culture results were compared between patients and controls. Clinical and laboratory parameters were compared between patients with positive and negative blood cultures. There was no significant difference in either incidence of bacteraemia between patients with idiopathic AHDS (11 per cent) and controls (14 per cent) or in severity of clinical signs, laboratory parameters, duration of hospitalisation or mortality between blood culture-positive and culture-negative dogs with idiopathic AHDS. The results of this study suggest that the incidence of bacteraemia in dogs with idiopathic AHDS is low and not different from that of healthy control dogs. Bacteraemia does not influence the clinical course or survival and thus antibiotic treatment is not indicated to prevent sepsis.

Antibiotic susceptibility of bacterial isolates from 502 dogs with respiratory signs.

The aim of this study was to investigate the prevalence of bacterial species isolated from bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) samples taken from dogs with respiratory signs and to determine their antibiotic susceptibility. Clinical cases were included in the study if they showed signs of respiratory disease and data relating to bacterial culture and susceptibility of BALF samples were available. The medical records of 493 privately owned dogs that were presented between January 1989 and December 2011 were evaluated retrospectively. In 35 per cent of samples, no bacteria were cultured. Bacteria isolated from culture-positive samples included Streptococcus species (31 per cent of positive cultures), Enterobacteriaceae (30 per cent, including Escherichia coli (15 per cent)), Staphylococcus species (19 per cent), Pasteurella species (16 per cent) and Pseudomonas species (14 per cent). Bordetella bronchiseptica as a primary respiratory pathogen was isolated in 8 per cent of cases. Enrofloxacin showed the best susceptibility pattern; 86 per cent of all isolates and 87 per cent of Gram-negative bacteria were susceptible to this antibiotic. Amoxicillin/clavulanic acid yielded the best susceptibility pattern in Gram-positive bacteria (92 per cent). Therefore, these antibiotics can be recommended for empirical or first-line treatment in dogs with bacterial lower respiratory tract infections.

Non-linear image blending improves visualization of head and neck primary squamous cell carcinoma compared to linear blending in dual-energy CT.

AIM: To compare non-linear and linear image-blending post-processing techniques in dual-energy CT (DECT) of primary head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) regarding subjective and objective image quality. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Head and neck DECT studies from 69 patients (48 male, 21 female; mean age 62.3 years) were retrospectively evaluated. All tumour lesions were histologically confirmed SCC. Linearly blended 80/140 kVp images series with varying weighting factors of 0.3 (M_0.3), 0.6 and 0.8 were compared with non-linearly blended images. Attenuation of tumour lesion, various soft-tissue structures, the internal jugular vein, and image noise were measured, tumour signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) and contrast-to-noise ratio (CNR) were calculated. Overall image quality, delineation of tumour lesion, image sharpness, and noise level were rated individually by three radiologists using five-point Likert scales. Interobserver agreement was calculated using intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC). RESULTS: Enhancement of tumour lesions (non-linear, 137.5 ± 20.1 HU; M_0.3, 92.7 ± 14.4 HU; M_0.6, 110 ± 15.4 HU; M_0.8, 123 ± 18.2 HU), CNR (non-linear, 12 ± 8; M_0.3, 4 ± 4.7; M_0.6, 7.5 ± 5.5; M_0.8, 8 ± 5.5), subjective overall image quality and tumour delineation were significantly increased (all p < 0.001) with the non-linear blending technique compared to all investigated linear blending weighting factors. Overall interobserver agreement was substantial (ICC 0.70; 95% CI: 0.66-0.73). CONCLUSION: Post-processing of DECT using a non-linear blending technique provides improved objective and subjective image quality of head and neck SCC compared to linearly blended images series.

Body packers on your examination table: How helpful are plain x-ray images? A definitive low-dose CT protocol as a diagnosis tool for body packers.

AIM: To analyze the clinical value and radiation dose of plain x-rays and CT in examining patients suspected of ingesting drug-filled packets. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Thirty-eight patients with suspected internal concealment of drug-filled packets who were examined with plain x-rays or CT or both were included in the study. CT studies were performed using low-dose and standard-dose techniques. All radiographic images were analysed by two radiologists regarding identification of the packets and estimating the effective radiation dose from standard- and low-dose CT versus conventional x-ray examinations. Descriptive calculations were made regarding the number and density of packs and radiation dosage. The diagnostic performance of both radiologists with standard- and low-dose CT was calculated by analysing differences in the mean number of packs found. RESULTS: Thirty-one patients were positively identified as body packers with an average of 13 packs (min: n = 1, max: n = 58, total: n = 390); seven patients were not concealing drug packets. X-ray images were taken of 24 patients prior to CT, thus allowing a direct comparison between the two methods. The correct diagnosis was made in 42%, in 33% the radiologists were uncertain, and in 25% of drug packets were either not or wrongly identified. X-ray imaging had a positive predictive value of 20% with a negative predictive value of 81%. A total of 55 CT examinations were performed on all patients with a mean effective dose of 2 mSv (low dose) versus 9.3 mSv (standard dose). The visibility of packets on low-dose CT images compared to high-dose CT was not reduced: the radiologists identified 385 and 381 of the packets, respectively, with no difference regarding the examination technique (p = 0.24 and p = 0.253, respectively). The radiodensity of all drug-filled packets at CT ranged from 26-292 HU (mean 181.2 HU). CONCLUSION: X-ray imaging of supposed body packers leads to a significant risk of diagnostic errors and additional need for CT. Instead, a single abdominal low-dose CT examination will deliver the correct diagnoses in most cases, leading to safe clinical management of the suspects.

Low-tube-voltage 80-kVp neck CT: evaluation of diagnostic accuracy and interobserver agreement.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Low-tube-voltage acquisition has been shown to facilitate substantial dose savings for neck CT with similar image contrast compared with standard 120-kVp acquisition. However, its potential for the detection of neck pathologies is uncertain. Our aim was to evaluate the effects of low-tube-voltage 80-kV(peak) acquisitions for neck CT on diagnostic accuracy and interobserver agreement. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Three radiologists individually analyzed 80-kVp and linearly blended 120-kVp image series of 170 patients with a variety of pathologies who underwent dual-energy neck CT. Reviewers were unblinded to the clinical indication for CT but were otherwise blinded to any other data or images and were asked to state a final main diagnosis. Findings were compared with medical record charts, CT reports, and pathology results. Sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, and negative predictive value were calculated for each observer. Interobserver agreement was evaluated by using intraclass correlation coefficients. RESULTS: Diagnoses were grouped as squamous cell carcinoma-related (n = 107, presence/absence of primary/recurrent squamous cell carcinoma), lymphoma-related (n = 40, presence/absence of primary/recurrent lymphoma), and benign (n = 23, eg, abscess). Cumulative sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, and negative predictive value for 80-kVp and blended 120-kVp images were 94.8%, 93.0%, 95.9%, and 91.1%, respectively. Results were also consistently high for squamous cell carcinoma-related (94.8%/95.3%, 89.1%/89.1%, 94.3%/94.4%, 90.1%/91.0%) and lymphoma-related (95.0%, 100.0%, 100.0%, 95.2%) 80-kVp/120-kVp image series. Global interobserver agreement was almost perfect (intraclass correlation coefficient, 0.82, 0.80; 95% CI, 0.76-0.74, 0.86-0.85). Calculated dose-length product was reduced by 48% with 80-kVp acquisitions compared with the standard 120-kVp scans (135.5 versus 282.2 mGy × cm). CONCLUSIONS: Low-tube-voltage 80-kVp CT of the neck provides sufficient image quality with high diagnostic accuracy in routine clinical practice and has the potential to substantially decrease radiation exposure.

Detection of respiratory viruses and Bordetella bronchiseptica in dogs with acute respiratory tract infections.

Canine infectious respiratory disease (CIRD) is an acute, highly contagious disease complex caused by a variety of infectious agents. At present, the role of viral and bacterial components as primary or secondary pathogens in CIRD is not fully understood. The aim of this study was to investigate the prevalence of canine parainfluenza virus (CPIV), canine adenovirus type 2 (CAV-2), canine influenza virus (CIV), canine respiratory coronavirus (CRCoV), canine herpes virus-1 (CHV-1), canine distemper virus (CDV) and Bordetella bronchiseptica in dogs with CIRD and to compare the data with findings in healthy dogs. Sixty-one dogs with CIRD and 90 clinically healthy dogs from Southern Germany were prospectively enrolled in this study. Nasal and pharyngeal swabs were collected from all dogs and were analysed for CPIV, CAV-2, CIV, CRCoV, CHV-1, CDV, and B. bronchiseptica by real-time PCR. In dogs with acute respiratory signs, 37.7% tested positive for CPIV, 9.8% for CRCoV and 78.7% for B. bronchiseptica. Co-infections with more than one agent were detected in 47.9% of B. bronchiseptica-positive, 82.6% of CPIV-positive, and 100% of CRCoV-positive dogs. In clinically healthy dogs, 1.1% tested positive for CAV-2, 7.8% for CPIV and 45.6% for B. bronchiseptica. CPIV and B. bronchiseptica were detected significantly more often in dogs with CIRD than in clinically healthy dogs (P < 0.001 for each pathogen) and were the most common infectious agents in dogs with CIRD in Southern Germany. Mixed infections with several pathogens were common. In conclusion, clinically healthy dogs can carry respiratory pathogens and could act as sources of infection for susceptible dogs.

Acute intracranial hemorrhage in CT: benefits of sinogram-affirmed iterative reconstruction techniques.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Acute intracranial hemorrhage represents a severe and time critical pathology that requires precise and quick diagnosis, mainly by performing a CT scan. The purpose of this study was to compare image quality and intracranial hemorrhage conspicuity in brain CT with sinogram-affirmed iterative reconstruction and filtered back-projection reconstruction techniques at standard (340 mAs) and low-dose tube current levels (260 mAs). MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 94 consecutive patients with intracranial hemorrhage received CT scans either with standard or low-dose protocol by random assignment. Group 1 (n=54; mean age, 64 ± 20 years) received CT at 340 mAs, and group 2 (n=40; mean age, 57 ± 23 years) received CT at 260 mAs. Images of both groups were reconstructed with filtered back-projection reconstruction and 5 iterative strengths (S1-S5) and ranked blind by 2 radiologists for image quality and intracranial hemorrhage on a 5-point scale. Image noise, SNR, dose-length product (mGycm), and mean effective dose (mSv) were calculated. RESULTS: In both groups, image quality and intracranial hemorrhage conspicuity were rated subjectively with an excellent/good image quality. A higher strength of sinogram-affirmed iterative reconstruction showed an increase in image quality with a difference to filtered back-projection reconstruction (P < .05). Subjective rating showed the best score of image quality and intracranial hemorrhage conspicuity achieved through S3/S4-5. Objective analysis of image quality showed in an increase of SNR with a higher strength of sinogram-affirmed iterative reconstruction. Patients in group 2 (mean: 744 mGycm/1.71 mSv) were exposed to a significantly lower dose than those in group 1 (mean: 1045 mGycm/2.40 mSv, P < .01). CONCLUSIONS: S3 provides better image quality and visualization of intracranial hemorrhage in brain CT at 260 mAs. Dose reduction by almost one-third is possible without significant loss in diagnostic quality.

[Disseminated intravascular coagulopathy in a dog with Angiostrongylus vasorum infection]. / Disseminierte intravasale Koagulopathie bei einem Hund mit Angiostrongylus-vasorum-Infektion.

A 2-year-old female spayed Epagneul-Breton dog was presented with ecchymoses, but an undisturbed general condition. Clinical examination additionally revealed petechia and a haematoma. Travel history included Italy and Denmark. Laboratory abnormalities were moderate thrombocytopenia, prolonged PT, aPTT and TT, and elevated d-dimers. Initial therapy consisted of plasma transfusions, fluids, doxycycline and famotidine administration. Babesiosis, ehrlichiosis, leishmaniosis, dirofilariosis or anaplasmosis could not be confirmed. Abdominal ultrasound was unremarkable, while thoracic radiographs showed a bronchointerstitial pattern. Faecal samples collected over 3 days were positive for Angiostrongylus vasorum after examination using the Baermann lungworm test. The A. vasorum infection was successfully treated with fenbendazole, whereupon thrombocytopenia and prolonged coagulation times were resolved. In regions of low prevalence, an infection with A. vasorum should also be considered as a differential diagnosis in dogs with coagulation abnormalities. Respiratory signs can be absent with this disease. The patient may have acquired the infection abroad or in Germany.