Greater sexual reproduction contributes to differences in demography of invasive plants and their noninvasive relatives.

An understanding of the demographic processes contributing to invasions would improve our mechanistic understanding of the invasion process and improve the efficiency of prevention and control efforts. However, field comparisons of the demography of invasive and noninvasive species have not previously been conducted. We compared the in situ demography of 17 introduced plant species in St. Louis, Missouri, USA, to contrast the demographic patterns of invasive species with their less invasive relatives across a broad sample of angiosperms. Using herbarium records to estimate spread rates, we found higher maximum spread rates in the landscape for species classified a priori as invasive than for noninvasive introduced species, suggesting that expert classifications are an accurate reflection of invasion rate. Across 17 species, projected population growth was not significantly greater in invasive than in noninvasive introduced species. Among five taxonomic pairs of close relatives, however, four of the invasive species had higher projected population growth rates compared with their noninvasive relative. A Life Table Response Experiment suggested that the greater projected population growth rate of some invasive species relative to their noninvasive relatives was primarily a result of sexual reproduction. The greater sexual reproduction of invasive species is consistent with invaders having a life history strategy more reliant on fecundity than survival and is consistent with a large role of propagule pressure in invasion. Sexual reproduction is a key demographic correlate of invasiveness, suggesting that local processes influencing sexual reproduction, such as enemy escape, might be of general importance. However, the weak correlation of projected population growth with spread rates in the landscape suggests that regional processes, such as dispersal, may be equally important in determining invasion rate.

Niche opportunities and invasion dynamics in a desert annual community.

Although many factors influence the ability of exotics to invade successfully, most studies focus on only a few variables to explain invasion; attempts at theoretical synthesis are largely untested. The niche opportunities framework proposes that the demographic success of an invader is largely affected by the availability of resources and the abundance of its enemies. Here, we use a 31-year study from a desert ecosystem to examine the niche opportunities framework via the invasion of the annual plant Erodium cicutarium. While the invader remained rare for two decades, a decline in granivory combined with an ideal climate window created an opportunity for E. cicutarium to escape control and become the dominant annual plant in the community. We show that fluctuations in consumption and resources can create niche opportunities for invaders and highlight the need for additional long-term studies to track the influence of changing climate and community dynamics on invasions.

Herbivory and population dynamics of invasive and native Lespedeza.

Some exotic plants are able to invade habitats and attain higher fitness than native species, even when the native species are closely related. One explanation for successful plant invasion is that exotic invasive plant species receive less herbivory or other enemy damage than native species, and this allows them to achieve rapid population growth. Despite many studies comparing herbivory and fitness of native and invasive congeners, none have quantified population growth rates. Here, we examined the contribution of herbivory to the population dynamics of the invasive species, Lespedeza cuneata, and its native congener, L. virginica, using an herbivory reduction experiment. We found that invasive L. cuneata experienced less herbivory than L. virginica. Further, in ambient conditions, the population growth rate of L. cuneata (lambda = 20.4) was dramatically larger than L. virginica (lambda = 1.7). Reducing herbivory significantly increased fitness of only the largest L. virginica plants, and this resulted in a small but significant increase in its population growth rate. Elasticity analysis showed that the growth rate of these species is most sensitive to changes in the seed production of small plants, a vital rate that is relatively unaffected by herbivory. In all, these species show dramatic differences in their population growth rates, and only 2% of that difference can be explained by their differences in herbivory incidence. Our results demonstrate that to understand the importance of consumers in explaining the relative success of invasive and native species, studies must determine how consumer effects on fitness components translate into population-level consequences.

Ecological correlates of risk and incidence of West Nile virus in the United States.

West Nile virus, which was recently introduced to North America, is a mosquito-borne pathogen that infects a wide range of vertebrate hosts, including humans. Several species of birds appear to be the primary reservoir hosts, whereas other bird species, as well as other vertebrate species, can be infected but are less competent reservoirs. One hypothesis regarding the transmission dynamics of West Nile virus suggests that high bird diversity reduces West Nile virus transmission because mosquito blood-meals are distributed across a wide range of bird species, many of which have low reservoir competence. One mechanism by which this hypothesis can operate is that high-diversity bird communities might have lower community-competence, defined as the sum of the product of each species' abundance and its reservoir competence index value. Additional hypotheses posit that West Nile virus transmission will be reduced when either: (1) abundance of mosquito vectors is low; or (2) human population density is low. We assessed these hypotheses at two spatial scales: a regional scale near Saint Louis, MO, and a national scale (continental USA). We found that prevalence of West Nile virus infection in mosquito vectors and in humans increased with decreasing bird diversity and with increasing reservoir competence of the bird community. Our results suggest that conservation of avian diversity might help ameliorate the current West Nile virus epidemic in the USA.

Population-level effects of augmented herbivory on Lespedeza cuneata: implications for biological control.

Invasive species pose significant ecological costs, and therefore successful management techniques are important. One commonly employed method is biological control. The success of biological control depends largely on whether additional inflicted damage can successfully reduce the fitness and population growth rate of a target species. Here, we simulate herbivory on the invasive Lespedeza cuneata and create stage-structured projection models to determine if augmented herbivory by a leaf-chewing biological control agent would regulate the population growth rate of this species. We found that augmented herbivory influenced stage transitions of plants in the smallest stage class, causing higher mortality and reduced growth. No other effect was found on stage transitions or fecundities, despite manipulation of herbivory at exceptionally high levels (up to 80% leaf loss). None of the clipping treatments significantly reduced the population growth rate of L. cuneata. We conclude that biological control by a leaf chewing herbivore would not likely be successful, even if an exceptionally large amount of each plant were consumed. We suggest that this approach, a combination of simulated herbivory and demographic modeling, will provide essential information for understanding the utility of biological control to curb the population growth of invasive plant species.

Reduced rodent biodiversity destabilizes plant populations.

We tested the hypothesis that species loss at one trophic level will reduce the temporal stability of populations at other trophic levels. We examined the temporal stability of annual plant populations on plots that experimentally manipulated the functional diversity of seed-eating rodent consumers. Experimental reduction of rodent functional diversity destabilized populations of small-seeded plants but had less consistent effects on larger-seeded species. Small-seeded species also exhibited a greater number of years of zero abundance. Thus, experimental reduction of rodent functional diversity resulted in lower plant diversity. The decline in the temporal stability of small-seeded plants likely resulted from increased interspecific competition by large-seeded plants. These results demonstrate that the loss of species at one trophic level can lead to reduced richness at lower trophic levels via competition and reduced temporal stability.