ABSTRACT
OBJECTIVE: Transcutaneous spinal direct current stimulation (tsDCS) has been proven to affect nociceptive signal processing. We designed a randomized, double-blind, cross-over study to investigate whether tsDCS applied before or after inducing long-term potentiation-(LTP)-like hyperalgesia may decrease nociceptive sensitivity. METHODS: In healthy volunteers, tsDCS (2.5mA, 15min) was applied to the thoracic spine prior (n=14) or immediately following (n=12) electrical high-frequency stimulation (HFS) to the thigh, inducing hyperalgesia. Mechanical and electrical perception were assessed before HFS stimulation and at three time points following HFS stimulation (all within 90min of HFS). Subjects took part in three separate sessions to test effects of anodal, cathodal, or sham tsDCS. RESULTS: Within 60minHFS led to unilateral changes on the conditioned side: mechanical pain thresholds tended to decrease and electrical detection thresholds significantly decreased (p<0.001); pain ratings measured using the numerical rating scale (NRS) increased for electrical stimuli (p<0.01) and two categories of mechanical stimuli ("Light(8-64mN)": p=ns; "Heavy(128-512mN)": p<0.01). Irrespective of stimulation order or polarity, tsDCS could not influence nociceptive sensitivity. CONCLUSION: Hyperalgesia was adequately induced, but tsDCS had no effect on HFS-induced sensitization. SIGNIFICANCE: While tsDCS has been shown to affect pain measures, our results suggest irrespective of time of stimulation or polarity that tsDCS may be less effective in modulating pain in a sensitized state in healthy subjects.
Subject(s)
Hyperalgesia/physiopathology , Long-Term Potentiation/physiology , Pain Threshold/physiology , Spinal Cord/physiology , Transcutaneous Electric Nerve Stimulation/methods , Adult , Cross-Over Studies , Double-Blind Method , Female , Humans , Hyperalgesia/etiology , Hyperalgesia/prevention & control , Male , Pain/etiology , Pain/physiopathology , Pain/prevention & control , Physical Stimulation/adverse effects , Physical Stimulation/methods , Pilot Projects , Volunteers , Young AdultABSTRACT
The model eukaryote Saccharomyces cerevisiae is well suited to investigate the causes of metabolic disturbance. PRPP [5-phospho-D-ribosyl-1(alpha)-pyrophosphate] may be regarded as a junction of carbon and nitrogen metabolism. As a result of this central position, perturbations in its synthesis can give rise to many unexpected cellular events, such as impaired cell integrity. We have taken advantage of S. cerevisiae's genetic tractability to investigate the metabolic links responsible for connecting the biochemical intermediate PRPP to apparently unrelated cellular functions. This approach provides insight into the co-ordination of different biological processes.
Subject(s)
Phosphoribosyl Pyrophosphate/biosynthesis , Saccharomyces cerevisiae/metabolism , Molecular Structure , Peptides/classification , Peptides/genetics , Peptides/metabolism , Phenotype , Phosphoribosyl Pyrophosphate/classification , Phylogeny , Ribose-Phosphate Pyrophosphokinase/classification , Ribose-Phosphate Pyrophosphokinase/genetics , Ribose-Phosphate Pyrophosphokinase/metabolism , Saccharomyces cerevisiae Proteins/classification , Saccharomyces cerevisiae Proteins/genetics , Saccharomyces cerevisiae Proteins/metabolismABSTRACT
The biosynthetic intermediate PRPP (phosphoribosylpyrophosphate) has a central role in cellular biochemistry since it links carbon and nitrogen metabolism. Its importance may be reflected in the fact that, in the Saccharomyces cerevisiae (yeast) genome, there are five unlinked genes, PRS1-PRS5, each of which is theoretically capable of encoding the enzyme synthesizing PRPP. Interference with the complement of PRS genes in S. cerevisiae has far-reaching consequences for yeast physiology and has uncovered unexpected metabolic links including cell wall integrity and phospholipid metabolism.
Subject(s)
Lithium/pharmacology , Phosphoribosyl Pyrophosphate/biosynthesis , Saccharomyces cerevisiae/metabolism , Valproic Acid/pharmacology , Binding Sites , Cell Wall/metabolism , Phospholipids/metabolism , Ribose-Phosphate Pyrophosphokinase/metabolism , Saccharomyces cerevisiae/drug effectsABSTRACT
In Saccharomyces cerevisiae the metabolite phosphoribosyl-pyrophosphate (PRPP) is required for purine, pyrimidine, tryptophan and histidine biosynthesis. Enzymes that can synthesize PRPP can be encoded by at least four genes. We have studied 5-phospho-ribosyl-1(alpha)-pyrophosphate synthetases (PRS) genetically and biochemically. Each of the four genes, all of which are transcribed, has been disrupted in haploid yeast strains of each mating type and although all disruptants are able to grow on complete medium, differences in growth rate and enzyme activity suggest that disruption of PRS1 or PRS3 has a significant effect on cell metabolism, whereas disruption of PRS2 or PRS4 has little measurable effect. Using Western blot analysis with antisera raised against peptides derived from the non-homology region (NHR) and the N-terminal half of the PRS1 gene product it has been shown that the NHR is not removed by protein splicing. However, the fact that disruption of this gene causes the most dramatic decrease in cell growth rate and enzyme activity suggests that Prs1p may have a key structural or regulatory role in the production of PRPP in the cell.
